A low melt flow rate metallocene polypropylene is cast into film with and without melt fracture. Using an in-line camera, melt fracture is quantitatively described using real-time measurements of film defects. Melt fracture causes more variation in light transmittance, leading to a higher defect count. This measure of film optics is more sensitive to melt fracture than haze or gloss.
Dealy, J.M. and Wissbrun, K.F. (1990). Melt Rheology and Its Role in Plastics Processing: Theory and Applications, p. 336, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
2.
Waller, P. (2003). Melt Fracture or Interfacial Instability? Different Ills Needs Different Cures, Plastics Tech., 49(3): 39—40.
3.
Xu, G. and Koelling, K.W. (2002). Study of Flow Marks in Injection Molding, In: Proceedings of the 60th Annual Technical Conference of the Society of Plastics Engineers (ANTEC 2002, San Francisco, California, CD-ROM).
4.
Smitherman, G., Neubauer, A. and Rhee, S. (2003). Troubleshooting Underwater Pelletization Processes , In: Proceedings of the 61st Annual Technical Conference of the Society of Plastics Engineers (ANTEC 2003 , Nashville, Tennessee, CD-ROM).
5.
Mavridis, H. and Fronek, K. (2002). Effect of MWD on the Amount of Polymer Process AID Required to Suppress Sharkskin Melt Fracture in LLDPE, J. Plas. Film & Shtg., 18(1): 45—57.
6.
Baik, J.J. and Tzoganakis, C. (1998). A Study of Extrudate Distortion in Controlled-Rheology Polypropylenes, Polym. Eng. Sci., 38(2): 274—281.
7.
Fujiyama, M. and Inata, H. (2002). Melt Fracture Behavior of Polypropylene-Type Resins With Narrow Molecular Weight Distribution. I. Temperature Dependence, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 84(12): 2111—2119.
8.
Doerpinghaus, P. (2002). Flow Behavior of Sparsely Branched Metallocene-Catalyzed Polyethylenes, PhD Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
9.
White, J.L. (1973). Critique on Flow Patterns in Polymer Fluids at the Entrance of a Die and Instabilities Leading to Extrudate Distortion, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Symp., 20: 155—174.
10.
Baird, D.G. and Collias, D.I. (1995). Polymer Processing: Principles and Design, p. 179, Butterworth-Heinemann , Oxford, England, Great Britain.
11.
Tadmor, Z. and Gogos, C.G. (1979). Principles of Polymer Processing, p. 542, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
12.
Ramamurthy, A.V. (1986). Wall Slip in Viscous Fluids and Influence of Materials of Construction, J. Rheol. , 30(2): 337—357.
13.
Piau, J.M., El Kissi, N., Toussaint, F. and Mezghani, A. (1995). Distortions of Polymer Melt Extrudates and Their Elimination Using Slippery Surfaces, Rheol. Acta, 34: 40—57.
Migler, K.B. , Lavallée, C., Dillon, M.P., Woods, S.S. and Gettinger , C.L. (2001). Visualizing the Elimination of Sharkskin Through Fluoropolymer Additives: Coating and Polymer-Polymer Slippage, J. Rheol., 45(2): 565—581.
16.
Hong, Y., Cooper-White, J.J., Mackay, M.E., Hawker, C.J., Malström, E. and Reinberg, N. (1999). A Novel Processing Aid for Polymer Extrusion: Rheology and Processing of Polyethylene and Hyperbranched Polymer Blends, J. Rheol., 43(3): 781—793.