Cylindrical liquid tanks are essential elements of lifelines that should maintain performance during and immediately after an earthquake. Sloshing of liquid in a tank without sufficient freeboard in response to an earthquake can redistribute the hydrodynamic pressure on the tank shell. This study aims to explore changes in the seismic design load caused by insufficient freeboard using experimental and numerical methods. A series of shaking table tests on a small-scale tank subjected to seismic excitation are performed and the effects of insufficient freeboard on the hydrodynamic base shear are investigated. By altering the liquid height-to-tank radius ratio and freeboard, 190 cases were considered. An equivalent simplified mass spring model of the corresponding regular tank for experimental cases is adjusted in the numerical study and a simple analytical solution to estimate the hydrodynamic force on a tank with insufficient freeboard is suggested and validated using the experimental results.
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