Research on Eye Contact with Implications for the Conductor A Review of Literature

Albas, D. C. , & Albas, C. A. (1989). Meaning in context: The impact of eye-contact and perception of threat on proximity. Journal of Social Psychology, 129(4), 525–531.

Arnold, J. A. (1991). Using videotape self-analysis to improve teaching during rehearsals. Update: Applications of Research in Music Education, 10(1), 10–14.

Atkins, C. P. (1988). Perceptions of speakers with minimal eye contact: Implications for stutterers. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 13(6), 429–436.

Bailey, G. D. , & Scott, R. E. (1982). Studying nonverbal cues to improve trainer behavior. Performance and Instruction, 21(5), 24–25.

Barth, R. P. (1988). Social skill and social support among young mothers. Journal of Community Psychology, 16(2), 132–143.

Bond, C. F. , Kahler, K. N. , & Paolicelli, L. M. (1985). The miscommunication of deception: An adaptive perspective. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21(4), 331–345.

Boyanowsky, E. O. , & Griffiths, C. T. (1982). Weapons and eye-contact as instigators or inhibitors of aggressive arousal in police-citizen interaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12(5), 398–407.

Brockner, J. , Pressman, B. , Cabitt, J. , & Moran, P. (1982). Nonverbal intimacy, sex, and compliance: A field study. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 6(4), 253–258.

Brooks, C. I. , Church, M. A. , & Fraser, L. (1986). Effects of duration of eye-contact on judgments of personality characteristics. Journal of Social Psychology, 126(1), 71–78.

Brooks, D. M. (1985). The teacherapos;s communicative competence: The first day of school. Theory into Practice, 24(1), 63–70.

Burgoon, J. K. , Buller, D. B. , Hale, J. L. , & DeTurck, M. A. (1984). Relational messages associated with nonverbal behaviors. Human Communication Research, 10(3), 351–378.

Burgoon, J. K. , Coker, D. A. , & Coker, R. A. (1986). Communicative effects of gaze behavior: A test of two contrasting explanations. Human Communication Research, 12(4), 495–524.

Burgoon, J. K. , Manusov, V. , Mineo, P. , & Hale, J. L. (1985). Effects of gaze on hiring, credibility, attraction, and relational message interpretation. Journal of Nonverbal Behaviors, 9(3), 133–146.

Burkhardt, J. C , Weider-Hatfield, D. , & Hocking, J. E. (1985). Eye-contact contrast effects in the employment interview. Communication Research Reports, 2(1), 5–10.

Byo, J. L. (1990). Recognition of intensity contrasts in gestures of beginning conductors. Journal of Research in Music Education, 38, 157–163.

Caparrotta, L. (1989). Some thoughts about the function of gaze-avoidance in early infancy: A mother-baby observation. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 4(1), 23–30.

Cohen, E. (1989). The effects of child behavior on parent behavior. (Masterapos;s Thesis, University of the Pacific, 1989). Masters Abstracts International, 28, 638.

Croxton, J. S. , Eddy, T. , & Morrow, N. (1984). Memory biases in the reconstruction of interpersonal encounters. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2(4), 348–354.

Curtis, S. C. (1986). An observational analysis of successful junior high/middle school general music teachers. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oklahoma, 1986). Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 821.

Elizur, D. (1987). Effect of feedback on verbal and nonverbal courtesy in a bank setting. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 36(2), 147–156.

Emerson, R. W. (1941). Essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Garden City: New York.

Fetter, M. P. (1983). Nonverbal teaching behavior and the health educator. Journal of School Health, 53(7), 431–432.

Forsythe, J. L. , & Woods, J. R. (1983). The effects of conducting on the error detection ability of undergraduate and graduate instrumental conductors. Contributions to Music Education, 10, 27–32.

Fredrickson, W. E. (1991). The effect of focus of attention on conducting behaviors including eye contact of pre-service conductors. Southeastern Journal of Music Education, 3, 54–60.

Furio, B. J. (1986). The relationship between instructor behaviors and student perceptions of control in the classroom. (Doctoral Dissertation, West Virginia University, 1986). Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 2798.

Furrow, D. (1984). Young childrenapos;s use of prosody. Journal of Child Language, 11(1), 203–213.

Gavey, T. W. (1984). The effect of eye contact and color reproduction in instructional television programming on student perceptions of selected instructor attributes. (Doctoral Dissertation, Catholic University of America, 1984). Dissertation Abstracts International, 45, 57.

Gill, S. J. , Menlo, A. , & Keel, L. P. (1984). Antecedents to member participation within small groups: A review of theory and research. Journal of Specialties in Group Work, 9(2), 68–76.

Gladis, S. D. (1985). Notes are not enough. Training and Development Journal, 39(8), 35–38.

Goldman, M. , & Fordyce, J. (1983). Prosocial behavior as affected by eye-contact, touch, and voice expression. Journal of Social Psychology, 121(1), 125–129.

Greene, J. O. , O'Hair, H. D., Cody, M. J., & Yen, C. (1985). Planning and control of behavior during deception. Human Communication Research, 11(3), 335–364.

Hamlet, C. C. (1987). A comparison of the direct and indirect effects of demanded eye contact and a token economy on compliant behavior. (Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts International, 49, 72.

Hamlet, C. C , Axelrod, S. , & Kuerschner, S. (1984). Eye-contact as an antecedent to compliant behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 17(4), 553–557.

Harrigan, J. A. , & Steffen, J. J. (1983). Gaze as a turn-exchange signal in group conversations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 22(2), 167–168.

Hornik, J. (1987). The effect of touch and gaze upon compliance and interest of interviewees. Journal of Social Psychology, 127(6), 681–683.

Hornik, J. , & Ellis, S. (1988). Strategies to secure compliance for a mall intercept interview. Public Opinion Quarterly, 52(4), 539–551.

Hudson, A. , & Blane, M. (1985). The importance of nonverbal behavior in giving instructions to children. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 7(2), 1–10.

Hurley, J. R. , & Marsh, V. A. (1986). Contrasting interpersonal correlates of mutual eye-contact reports by self and others. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 63(3), 1267–1274.

Jackson, H. J. , & Bruder, J. N. (1986). Social validation of nonverbal behaviors in social skills training programs for adolescents: II. Special Issue: Social skills training. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 15(1), 50–54.

Jesse, V. C. (1989). Compliance training and generalization effects using a compliance matrix and spinner system. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Utah, 1989). Dissertation Abstracts International, 50, 3897.

Johnson, C. F. (1985). Teaching as a performing art–an analysis of the performance skills of prominent mathematics teachers. (Doctoral Dissertation, Columbia University, 1985). Dissertation Abstracts International, 48, 70.

Julian, F. D. (1989). Nonverbal communication: Its application to conducting. Journal of Band Research, 24(2), 49–54.

Keller, H. , & Scholmerich, A. (1987). Infant vocalizations and parental reactions during the first 4 months of life. Developmental Psychology, 23(1), 62–67.

Keller, H. , Scholmerich, A. , & Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1988). Communication patterns in adult-infant interactions in western and non-western cultures. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 19(4), 427–445.

Kellerman, J. , Lewis, J. , & Laird, J. D. (1989). Looking and loving: The effects of mutual gaze on feelings of romantic love. Journal of Research in Personality, 23(2), 145–161.

Kelley, D. H. , & Gorham, J. (1988). Effects of immediacy on recall of information. Communication Education, 37(3), 198–207.

Linkey, H. E. , & Firestone, I. J. (1990). Dyad dominance composition effects, nonverbal behaviors, and influence. fournal of Research in Personality, 24(2), 206–215.

Madsen, C. K. (1990). Teacher intensity in relationship to music education. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 104, 38–46.

Madsen, C. K. , & Yarbrough, C. (1985). Competency-based music education. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985.

Matson, D. L. (1980). The sternomastoid differential orienting response: Why we face the speaker. Journal of Auditory Research, 20(3), 217–226.

Mazur, A. (1985). A biosocial model of status in face-to-face primate groups. Social Forces, 64(2), 377–402.

McCready, J. R. , & Waring, E. M. (1986). Interviewing skills in relation to psychiatric residency. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 31(4), 317–322.

McDevitt, T. M. (1990). Motherapos;s and childrenapos;s beliefs about listening. Child Study Journal, 20(2), 105–128.

Messer, D. J. , & Vietze, P. M. (1984). Timing and transitions in mother-infant gaze. Infant Behavior and Development, 7(2), 167–181.

Motl, J. R. (1980). Attitudes, attraction, and nonverbal indicators of uncertainty in initial interaction. (Doctoral Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1980). Dissertation Abstracts International, 41, 2354.

Podrouzek, W. , & Furrow, D. (1988). Preschoolers’ use of eye-contact while speaking: The influence of sex, age, and conversational partner. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 17(2), 89–98.

Price, H. E. (1985). A competency-based course in basic conducting techniques: A replication. Journal of Band Research, 21(1), 61–69.

Price, H. E. , & Winter, S. (1991). Effect of strict and expressive conducting on performances and opinions of eighth-grade band students. Journal of Band Research, 27(1), 30–43.

Pryor, B. , & Buchanan, R. W. (1984). The effects of a defendantapos;s demeanor on juror perceptions of credibility and guilt. Journal of Communication, 34(3), 92–99.

Rebman, V. C. (1982). Reducing disfluent speech during public speaking utilizing behavioral rehearsal and self-monitoring procedures. (Doctoral Dissertation, Nova University, 1982). Dissertation Abstracts International, 43, 3040.

Rennels, M. R. , & Chaudari, R. B. (1988). Eye contact and grade distribution. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 67(2), 627–632.

Rhyner, P. P , Lehr, D. H. , & Pudlas, K. A. (1990). An analysis of teacher responsiveness to communicative initiations of preschool children with handicaps. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 21(2), 91–97.

Rosenfeld, H. M. , Breck, B. E.f Smith, S. H., & Kehoe, S. (1984). Intimacy-mediators of the proximity-gaze compensation effect: Movement, conversational role, acquaintance, and gender. (Special Issue: Nonverbal intimacy and exchange.) Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 8(4), 235–249.

Schneider, G. S. (1983). An investigation of the effects of dramatic training on communication apprehension and immediacy behaviors in university students majoring in education. (Doctoral Dissertation, West Virginia University, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International, 45, 154.

Schultz, N. W. , & Carson, D. K. (1986). Variations in adult responsiveness and infant social initiative. Child Study Journal, 16(3), 217–226.

Sherwood, J. V. (1987). Facilitative effects of gaze upon learning. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 64 (3, Pt. 2), 1275–1278.

Sherrill, M. H. (1986). An analytical study of videotaped rehearsal and conducting techniques of selected junior and senior high school band conductors. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Rochester, Eastman School of Music, 1986). Dissertation Abstracts International, 47, 1231.

Simons, S. P. (1984). An investigation of the relationship of self-concept to selected communication skills of choral conductors. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Texas, 1984). Dissertation Abstracts International, 45, 781.

Sims, W. L. (1986). The effect of high versus low teacher affect and passive versus active student activity during music listening on preschool childrenapos;s attention, piece preference, time spent listening, and piece recognition. Journal of Research in Music Education, 34, 173–191.

Standley, J. M. , & Madsen, C. K. (1990). Comparison of infant preferences and responses to auditory stimuli: Music, mother, and other female voice. Journal of Research in Music Therapy, 27(2), 54–97.

Stevens, M. L. , & Long, J. (1982). Individual and group training of social and health-related behaviors in young children. Education and Treatment of Children, 5(3), 233–248.

Tatchell, R. H. , Van den Berg, S., & Lerman, J. W. (1983). Fluency and eye-contact as factors influencing observerapos;s perceptions of stutterers. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 8(3), 221–231.

Tobiason, J. M. , & Allen, A. (1983). Influence of gaze and physical closeness: A delayed effect. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 57(2), 491–495.

Walsh, D. G. , & Hewitt, J. (1985). Giving men the come-on: Effect of eye-contact and smiling in a bar environment. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61 (3, Pt. 1), 873–874.

Wellens, A. R. (1987). Heart-rate changes in response to shifts in interpersonal gaze from liked and disliked others. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 63(2), 595–598.

Williams, W. C. (1985). Effective training: Gauging learning while teaching. Journal of Higher Education, 56(3), 320–337.

Witherspoon, R. L. (1983). A study of a parent/teacher conference in-service training curriculum to improve the effectiveness of communication for teachers. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, 1983). Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 1062.

Yarbrough, C. (1987). The relationship of behavioral self assessment to the achievement of basic conducting skills. Journal of Research in Music Education, 35, 183–189.

Yarbrough, C. & Price, H. E. (1981). Prediction of performer attentiveness based on rehearsal activity and teacher behavior. Journal of Research in Music Education, 29, 209–217.

Yarbrough, C. , Wapnick, J. , & Kelly, R. (1979). Effect of videotape feedback techniques on performance, verbalization, and attitude of beginning conductors. Journal of Research in Music Education, 27, 103–112.