Beat and Tempo in Music: Differences in Teachers' and Students' Perceptions

Apel, W. (1970). Harvard dictionary of music (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Bamberger, J. , & Brody, M. (1984). Perceptual problem solving in music: Some proposals for future research. Psychomusicology, 4(1-2), 33-58.

Cooper, G. , & Meyer, L. B. (1960). The rhythmic structure of music. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Creston, P. (1964). Principles of rhythm. New York: Frank Colombo.

Duke, R. A. (1987). Melodic rhythm and tempo perception. Contributions to Music Education, 14, 19–28.

Duke, R. A. (1989a). Effect of melodic rhythm on elementary students’ and college undergraduates’ perceptions of relative tempo. Journal of Research in Music Education, 37, 246–257.

Duke, R. A. (1989b). Musicians’ perception of beat in monotonic stimuli. Journal of Research in Music Education, 37, 61–71.

Duke, R. A. , Geringer, J. M. , & Madsen, C. K. (1988). The effect of tempo on pitch perception. Journal of Research in Music Education, 36, 108–125.

Duke, R. A., Geringer, J. M., & Madsen, C. K. (in press). Performance of perceived beat in relation to age and musical training. Journal of Research in Music Education.

Duke, R. A. , Madsen, C. K. , and Geringer, J. M. (1986). The effect of speed alteration on high school musicians’ tempo note selections. Journal of Band Research 21, 37–46.

Epstein, D. (1985). Tempo relations: A cross-cultural study. Music Theory Spectrum, 7, 34–71.

Flowers, P. J. (1983). The effect of instruction in vocabulary and listening on nonmusicians’ descriptions of changes in music. Journal of Research in Music Education, 31, 179–189.

Fraisse, P. (1982). Rhythm and tempo. In D. Deutsch (ed.), The psychology of music (pp. 149–181). New York: Academic Press.

Handel, S. , & Lawson, G. R (1983). The contextual nature of rhythmic interpretation. Perception and Psychophysics, 34(2), 103-120.

Handel, S. , & Oshinsky, J. S. (1981). The meter of syncopated auditory polyrhythms. Perception and Psychophysics, 30(1), 1-9.

Kuhn, T. L. (1987). The effect of tempo, meter, and melodic complexity on the perception of tempo. In C. K. Madsen & C. A. Prickett (eds.), Applications of research in music behavior (pp. 165–174). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

Kuhn, T. L. , & Booth, G. D. (1988). The effect of melodic activity, tempo change, and audible beat on tempo perception of elementary school students. Journal of Research in Music Education, 36, 140–155.

Lerdahl, F. , & Jackendoff, R. (1983). A generative theory of tonal music. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Madsen, C. K. , Duke, R. A. , and Geringer, J. M. (1986). The effect of speed alterations on tempo note selection. Journal of Research in Music Education, 34, 101–110.

Madsen, C. K. , & Geringer, J. M. (1990). Differential patterns of music listening: Focus of attention of musicians versus nonmusicians. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 105, 45–57.

Pankaskie, L. (1965). Rudiments of rhythm. Unpublished manuscript, The Florida State University, Tallahassee.

Radocy, R. E. , & Boyle, D. J. (1988). Psychological foundations of music behavior (2nd ed.). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.

Yarbrough, C. (1987). The effect of musical excerpts in tempo discriminations and preferences of musicians and nonmusicians. In C. K. Madsen & C. A. Prickett (eds.), Applications of research in music behavior (pp. 175–189). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

Yeston, M. (1976). The stratification of musical rhythm. London: Yale University Press.