This review of the literature presents a systematic analysis of the capabilities and limitations of cochlear implant (CI) recipients with regard to music perception. Specifically, it (a) analyzes individual components of music (e.g., rhythm, timbre, and pitch) as they interface with the technical characteristics of CIs and the perceptual abilities of the recipients and (b) describes accommodations for music instruction that support successful participation of children with CIs. This article consolidates research studies from various disciplines (audiology, hearing science, speech–language pathology, CIs, and music therapy) to provide practical recommendations for educators in fostering the musical growth of children with CIs.
BuzzellA.GfellerK.DriscollV.KinnairdB. (2008, April). Music perception of cochlear implant recipients: The impact of lyrics and musical accompaniment on melody recognition. Paper presented at the 10th International Conference on Cochlear Implants & Other Implantable Auditory Technologies, San Diego, CA.
2.
ChenJ. K.ChuangA.McMahonA.HsiehJ. C.TungT. H.LiL. P. (2010). Music training improves pitch perception in prelingually deafened children with cochlear implants. Pediatrics, 125, 793–800.
3.
DriscollV.OlesonJ.GfellerK. (2009). Effects of training on recognition of musical instruments presented through cochlear implant simulations. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 20, 71–82.
4.
FettermanB.DomicoE. (2002). Speech recognition in background noise of cochlear implant patients. Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, 126, 257–263.
5.
FujitaS.ItoJ. (1999). Ability of nucleus cochlear implantees to recognize music. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology, 108, 634–640.
6.
GalvinJ. J.FuQ.NogakiG. (2007). Melody contour identification by cochlear implant listeners. Ear and Hearing, 28, 302–319.
7.
GfellerK. (2000). Accommodating children who use cochlear implants in the music therapy or educational setting. Music Therapy Perspectives, 18, 122–130.
8.
GfellerK. (2009). Music and cochlear implants: Not in perfect harmony. ASHA Leader, 14(8), 12–13.
9.
GfellerK.ChristA.KnutsonJ. F.WittS.MurrayK. T.TylerR. S. (2000). Musical backgrounds, listening habits, and aesthetic enjoyment of adult cochlear implant recipients. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 11, 390–406.
10.
GfellerK.DriscollV.KenworthyM. K.Van VoorstT. (2011). Music therapy for preschool cochlear implant recipients. Music Therapy Perspectives, 29, 39-49.
11.
GfellerK.JiangD.OlesonJ. J.DriscollV.KnutsonJ. F. (2010). Temporal stability of music perception and appraisal scores of adult cochlear implant recipients. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 21, 28–34.
12.
GfellerK.KnutsonJ. F.WoodworthG.WittS.DeBusB. (1998). Timbral recognition and appraisal by adult cochlear implant users and by normal-hearing adults. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 9, 1–19.
13.
GfellerK.LansingC. R. (1991). Melodic, rhythmic and timbral perception of adult cochlear implant users. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 916–920.
14.
GfellerK.LansingC. (1992). Musical perception of cochlear implant users as measured by the primary measure of music audiation: An item analysis. Journal of Music Therapy, 29, 18–39.
15.
GfellerK.OlesonJ.KnutsonJ. F.BrehenyP.DriscollV.OlszewskiC. (2008). Multivariate predictors of music perception and appraisal by adult cochlear implant users. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 19, 120–134.
16.
GfellerK.OlszewskiC.TurnerC.GantzB.OlesonJ. (2006). Music perception with cochlear implants and residual hearing. Audiology & Neuro-otology, 11(Suppl. 1), 12–15.
17.
GfellerK.TurnerC.OlesonJ.ZhangX.GantzB.FromanR.OlszewskiC. (2007). Accuracy of cochlear implant recipients on pitch perception, melody recognition and speech reception in noise. Ear and Hearing, 28, 412–423.
18.
GfellerK.TurnerC.WoodworthG.MehrM.FearnR.KnutsonJ. F.. . . StordahlJ. (2002). Recognition of familiar melodies by adult cochlear implant recipients and normal-hearing adults. Cochlear Implants International, 3, 31–55.
19.
GfellerK.WittS.AdamekM.MehrM.RogersJ.StordahlJ.RinggenbergS. (2002). Effects of training on timbre recognition and appraisal by postlingually deafened cochlear implant recipients. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 31, 132–145.
20.
GfellerK.WittS. A.SpencerL.StordahlJ.TomblinJ. B. (2000). Musical involvement and enjoyment of children using cochlear implants. Volta Review, 100, 213–233.
21.
GfellerK.WoodworthG.WittS.RobinD. A.KnutsonJ. F. (1997). Perception of rhythmic and sequential pitch patterns by normally hearing adults and adult cochlear implant users. Ear and Hearing, 18, 252–260.
22.
GreggJ. W.SchererR. C. (2006). Vowel intelligibility in classical singing. Journal of Voice, 20, 198–210.
23.
HsiaoF. (2008). Mandarin melody recognition by pediatric cochlear implant recipients. Journal of Music Therapy, 45, 390–404.
24.
KongY.CruzR.JonesJ. A.ZengF. (2004). Music perception with temporal cues in acoustic and electric hearing. Ear and Hearing, 25, 173–185.
25.
KongY. Y.StickneyG. S.ZengF. G. (2005). Speech and melody recognition in binaurally combined acoustic and electric hearing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117, 1351–1361.
26.
LealM. C.ShinY. J.LabordeM. L.CalmelsM. N.VergesS.LugardonS.. . . FraysseB. (2003). Music perception in adult cochlear implant recipients. Acta Oto-laryngologica, 123, 826–835.
27.
LooiV. (2008). The effect of cochlear implantation on music perception: A review. Otorinolaryingol, 58, 169–190.
28.
McDermottH. J. (2004). Music perception with cochlear implants: A review. Trends in Amplification, 8, 49–81.
29.
NakataT.TrehubS. E.MitaniC.KandaY. (2006). Pitch and timing in the songs of deaf children with cochlear implants. Music Perception, 24, 147–154.
30.
NakataT.TrehubS. E.MitaniC.KandaY.ShibasakiA.SchellenbergE. G. (2005). Music recognition by Japanese children with cochlear implants. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, 24, 29–32.
31.
OlszewskiC.GfellerK.DriscollV. (2006, June). Effect of training on music perception by pediatric CI recipients. Paper presented at the 9th International Conference on Cochlear Implants, Vienna, Austria.
32.
OlszewskiC.GfellerK.FromanR.StordahlJ.TomblinB. (2005). Familiar melody recognition by children and adults using cochlear implants and normal hearing children. Cochlear Implants International, 6, 123–140.
33.
OlszewskiC.GfellerK.ZhangX. (2005, March). The use of auditory and visual information in recognition of familiar melodies. Paper presented at the 10th Symposium on Cochlear Implants in Children, Dallas, TX.
34.
RobbinsA. M. (2009). Rehabilitation after cochlear implantation. In NiparkoJ. K. (Ed.), Cochlear implants: Principles and practices (2nd ed., pp. 269-312). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
35.
RoccaC.TuckerI. (2008, April). The development of musical pitch in early cochlear implanted children. Paper presented at the 10th International Conference on Cochlear Implants and Other Implantable Auditory Technologies, San Diego, CA.
36.
SchultzE.KerberM. (1994). Music perception with the MED-EL implants. In Hochmair-DesoyerL. J.HochmairE. C. (Eds.), Advances in cochlear implants: Proceedings of the third international cochlear implant conference, Innsbruck, Austria (pp. 326-332). Vienna, Austria: Mantz.
37.
SpencerL. J.BarkerB. A.TomblinJ. B. (2003). Exploring the language and literacy outcomes of pediatric cochlear implant users. Ear and Hearing, 24, 236–247.
38.
StainsbyT. H. (2001). The perception of musical sounds with cochlear implants (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
39.
StordahlJ. (2002). Song recognition and appraisal: A comparison of children who use cochlear implants and normally hearing children. Journal of Music Therapy, 39, 2–19.
40.
SucherC. M.McDermottH. J. (2007). Pitch ranking of complex tones by normally hearing subjects and cochlear implant users. Hearing Research, 230, 80–87.
41.
TomblinJ. B.BarkerB. A.SpencerL. J.ZhangX.GantzB. (2005). The effect of age at cochlear implant initial stimulation on expressive language growth in infants and toddlers. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 48, 853–867.
42.
VongpaisalT.TrehubS. E.SchellenbergE. G. (2006). Song recognition by children and adolescents with cochlear implants. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49, 1091–1103.
43.
XuL.ZhouN.ChenX.LiY.SchultzH. M.ZhaoX.HanD. (2009). Vocal singing by prelingually-deafened children with cochlear implants. Hearing Research, 255, 129–134.
44.
YubaT. (2007). Unique technological voice method (The YUBA Method) shows clear improvement on patients with cochlear implants in singing. Journal of Voice, 23, 119–124.
45.
YucelE.SennarogluG.BelginE. (2009). The family oriented musical training for children with cochlear implants: Speech and musical perception results of two year follow-up. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 73, 1043–1052.
