Music and Babies: A Review of Research with Implications for Music Educators

Abrams, R.M. , Griffiths, S.K. , Huang, X. , Sain, J. , Langford, G. , & Gerhardt, K.J. (1998). Fetal music perception: The role of sound transmission. Music Perception, 15(3), 307-317.

Bergeson, T.R. (2001, August). Infants' perception of duple versus triple meter. Paper presented at the Meeting of the Society for Music Perception and Cognition, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Caine, J. (1991). The effects of music on selected stress behaviors, weight, caloric and formula intake, and length of hospital stay of premature and low birthweight neonates in a NICU. Journal of Music Therapy , 32(4), 208-227.

Cassidy, J.W. , & Ditty, K.M. (2001). Gender differences among newborns on a transient otoacoustic emissions test for hearing. Journal of Music Therapy , 38(1), 28-35.

Cassidy, J.W. , & Standley, J.M. (1995). The effect of music listening on physiological responses of premature infants in the NICU. Journal of Music Therapy, 32(4), 208-227.

Custodero, L. , & Johnson-Green, E. (2002, April). Passing the cultural torch: Musical experience and musical parenting of infants. Paper presented at the Music Educators' National Conference, Nashville, TN.

DeCasper, A.J. , & Fifer, W. (1980, June 6). Of human bonding: Newborns prefer their mothers' voices. Science, 208, 1174-1176.

Dunham, P.J. (1990). Temporal structure of stimulation maintains infant attention. In J.T. Enns (Ed.), The development of attention: Research and theory (pp. 67-85). North Holland: Elsevier.

Hepper, P.G. (1991). An examination of fetal learning before and after birth. Irish Journal of Psychology, 12(2), 95-107.

Ilari, B. (2002). Music in the crib: Maternal beliefs and uses of music in the nursery. Unpublished manuscript.

Ilari, B. , Polka, L. , & Costa-Giomi, E. (2002, June). Infants' long-term memory for complex music. Paper presented at the 143 Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Pittsburgh, PA.

Ising, H. , Babisch, W. , Hanee, J. , & Kruppa, B. (1997). Loud music and hearing risk. Journal of Audiological Medicine, 6(3), 123-133.

Jusczyk, P.W. , & Krumhansl, C.L. (1993). Pitch and rhythmic factors affecting infants' sensitivity to musical phrase structure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 19(4), 627-640.

Kemler-Nelson, D.G. , Jusczyk, P.W. , Mandel, D.R. , Myers, J. , Turk, A. , & Gerken, L. (1995). The head-turn preference procedure for testing auditory perception. Infant Behavior and Development, 18(3), 111-116.

Kuhl, P.K. (1987). Perception of speech and sound in early infancy . In P. Salapatek & L. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of infant perception-volume 2-from perception to cognition (pp. 275-382). Orlando: Academic Press.

Lamont, A. (2001, August). Infants' preferences for familiar and unfamiliar music: A socio-cultural study. Paper presented at the Meeting of the Society for Music Perception and Cognition , Queens University, Kingston, Ontario , Canada.

Lecanuet, J.P. , Granierre-Deferre, C. , Jaquet, A.Y. , & DeCasper, A.J. (2000). Fetal discrimination of low-pitches musical notes. Developmental Psychobiology, 36(1), 29-39.

Michel, P. (1973). The optimum development of musical abilities in the first years of life. Psychology of Music, 1(1), 14-20.

Moon, C. , Cooper, R.P. , & Fifer, W.P. (1993). Two-day-olds prefer their native language. Infant Behavior and Development, 16(4), 495-500.

Moore, R. , & Standley, J.M. (1995). Therapeutic effects of music and mother's voice on premature infants. Pediatric Nursing , 21(6), 509-514.

Muir, D.W. , Humphrey, D.E. , & Humphrey, G.K. (1994). Pattern and space perception in young infants. Spatial Vision, 8(3), 141-165.

Olds, C. (1986). A sound start in life. Pre- and Peri-Natal Psychology, 1(1), 82-85.

Owens, L.D. (1979). The effects of music on weight loss, crying and physical movement in newborns. Journal of Music Therapy, 16(2), 83-90.

Papousek, M. (1996). Intuitive parenting: A hidden source of musical stimulation in infancy. In I. Deliege & J. Sloboda (Eds.), Musical beginnings-Origins and development of musical competence (pp. 88-114). Oxford : Oxford University Press.

Pick, A.D. , Gross, D. , Heirinchs, M. , Love, M. , & Palmer, C. (1994). Development of perception of the unity of musical events. Cognitive Development, 9(3), 355-375.

Rock, A.M.L. , Trainor, L.J. , & Addison, T.L. (1999). Distinctive messages in infant-directed lullabies and play songs. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 527-534.

Saffran, J.R. , Loman, M.M. , & Robertson, R.R.W. (2000, September). Infant memory for musical experiences. Cognition, 77, B15-B23.

Snow, M. (1998). Infant development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Standley, J. (1998). The effect of music and multimodal stimulation on physiological and developmental responses of premature infants in neonatal intensive care. Pediatric Nursing, 24(6), 532-538.

Standley, J. (1999). Music therapy in the NICU: Pacifier activated lullabies (PAL) for reinforcement of nonutritive sucking. International Journal of Arts Medicine, 6(1), 17-21.

Standley, J. (2001, April). The effect of music-reinforced non-nutritive sucking on feeding rate of premature infants. Paper presented at the 14th Symposium for Research in Music Behavior, Fort Worth, TX.

Standley, J. , & Madsen, C. (1990). Comparison of infant preferences and responses to auditory stimuli: Music, mother and other female voice. Journal of Music Therapy, 27(2), 54-97.

Stern, D.N. (2000). Putting time back into our considerations of infant experience: A microdiachronic view. Infant Mental Health Journal , 21(1), 21-28.

Trainor, L.J. (1996). Infant preferences for infant-directed versus non-infant directed playsongs and lullabies. Infant Behavior and Development, 19(2), 83-92.

Trainor, L.J. , Clark, E.D. , Huntley, A. , & Adams, B.A. (1997). The acoustic basis of preferences for infant directed singing. Infant Behavior and Development, 20(1), 383-396.

Trainor, L.J. , & Heinmiller, B.M. (1998). The development of evaluative responses to music: Infants prefer to listen to consonance over dissonance . Infant Behavior and Development, 21(1), 77-88.

Trainor, L.J. , & Trehub, S.E. (1990). Rules for listening in infancy. In J.T.Enns (Ed.), The development of attention: Research and theory (pp. 87-119). North Holland: Elsevier.

Trainor, L.J. , Wu , L. , & Tsang, C.D. (2001, August). Infants' long-term memory for music. Paper presented at the Meeting of the Society for Music Perception and Cognition , Queens University, Kingston, Ontario , Canada.

Trainor, L.J. , & Zacharias, C.A. (1998). Infants' prefer higher-pitched singing. Infant Behavior and Development, 21(4), 799-806.

Trehub, S.E. , Hill, D.S. , & Kamenetsky, S.B. (1997). Parents' sung performances for infants. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51, 385-396.

Trehub, S.E. , & Schellenberg, E.G. (1995). Music: Its relevance to infants. Annals of Child Development, 11, 1-24.

Trehub, S.E. , & Thorpe, L.A. (1989). Infants' perception of rhythm: Categorization of auditory sequences by temporal structure. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 43(3), 217-229.

Trehub, S.E. , & Trainor, L.J. (1993). Listening strategies in infancy: The roots of music and language development. In S. McAdams & E. Bigand (Eds.) Thinking in sound: The cognitive psychology of human audition (pp. 278-320). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Trehub, S.E. , Unyk, A.M. , Kamenetsky, S.B. , Hill, D.S. , Trainor, L.J. , Henderson, M. , et al. (1997) . Mothers' and fathers' singing to infants . Developmental Psychology, 33(4), 500-507.

Trehub, S.E. , Unyk, A.M. , & Trainor, L.J. (1993). Maternal singing in cross-cultural perspective . Infant Behavior and Development, 16(3), 285-295.

Unyk, A.M. , Trehub, S.E. , Trainor, L.J. , & Schellenberg, G. (1992). Lullabies and simplicity: A cross-cultural perspective. Psychology of Music, 20(1), 15-28.

Werker, J.F. , Shi, R. , Desjardins, R. , Pegg, J.E. , Polka, L. , & Patterson, M. (1998). Three methods for testing infant speech perception . In A. Slater (Ed.), Perceptual development: Visual, auditory, and speech perception in infancy (pp. 389-420). Hove, England: Psychology Press.

Werner, L.A. , & Vandenbos, G.R. (1993). Developmental psychoacoustics: What infants and children hear. Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 44(8), 624-626.

West, M. (2000). Music therapy in antiquity. In P. Horden (Ed), Music as medicine (pp. 51-68). London: Ashgate.

Woodward, S.C. , Guidozzi, F. , Hofmeyr, G.J. , Jong, P. , Anthony, J. , & Woods, D. (1992). Discoveries in the fetal and neonatal worlds of music. ISME Yearbook, 58-66.

Zentner, M.R. , & Kagan, J. (1998). Infants' perception of consonance and dissonance in music. Infant Behavior & Development, 21(3), 483-492.