Germanium Use and Associated Adverse Effects: A Review

Abstract

Objective

To review the trace element germanium, including its use as a nutritional supplement, the published medical research on potential therapeutic applications, and its potential toxicity. The case report and review literature regarding nephrotoxicity are addressed.

Data Sources

Relevant English-language articles were identified from a MEDLINE, EMBASE, and BIOSIS search using the primary search term germanium. Additional references were identified from the bibliographies of these articles.

Study Selection/Data Extraction

The main details of the case report and review literature were covered. The reader is referred to review articles as well as case reports for in-depth reviews of the case reports evaluated.

Data Synthesis

Germanium products are being sold in the US as nutritional supplements for a variety of unproven indications. Published medical research has not clearly substantiated a place for germanium as established drug therapy. Substantial evidence exists associating chronic germanium use with nephrotoxicity.

Conclusions

Pharmacists and other healthcare practitioners should question patients on their use of nutritional supplements, including germanium, when conducting medication histories. This is especially important for patients with unexplained renal dysfunction. Pharmacists should consider removing germanium products from stock where it is currently included on inventory.