Issues in Contemporary Drug Delivery

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Albisser AM Leibel BS Ewart TG . Clinical control of diabetes by the artificial pancreas. Diabetes 1974; 23: 396–8.

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Hanna AK Zinman B Nakhooda AF . Insulin, glucagon and amino acids during glycemic control by the artificial pancreas in diabetic man. Metabolism 1980; 29: 321–3.

Nosadini R Noy GA Nattrass M . The metabolic and hormonal response to acute normoglycaemia in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes: Studies with a glucose controlled insulin infusion system (artificial endocrine pancreas). Diabetologia 1982; 23: 220–1.

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Vranic M Berger M . Exercise and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1979; 28: 147–9.

Nelson JD Poussier P Marliss EB Albisser AM Zinman B . Metabolic response of normal man and insulin-infused diabetics to postprandial exercise. Am J Physiol 1982; 242: S309–10.

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Mirouze J Selam JL Pham TC Orsetti A . The external artificial pancreas: An instrument to induce remissions in severe recent juvenile diabetes. Comparison with a preprogrammed insulin infusion system. Horm Metab Res 1979; 8 (suppl): 141–2.

Soeldner JS . Symposium on potentially implanted glucose sensors. Diabetes Care 1982; 5: 147–8.

Slama G Hautcouverture M Assan R Tchobroutsky G . One to five days of continuous insulin infusion on seven diabetic patients. Diabetes 1974; 23: 732–5.

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Leslie RD Mackay JD . Intravenous insulin infusion in diabetic emergencies. Br Med J 1978; 282: 1314–5.

Deckert T Lorup B . Regulation of brittle diabetes by a preplanned infusion programme. Diabetologia 1976; 12: 573–6.

Service FJ . Normalization of plasma glucose of unstable diabetes: Studies under ambulatory, fed conditions with pumped intravenous insulin. J Lab Clin Med 1978; 91: 480–4.

Hanna AK Minuk HL Albisser AM Marliss EB Leibel BS Zinman B . A portable system for continuous insulin delivery: Characteristics and results in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1980; 3: 1–6.

Irsigler K Kritz H . Long-term continuous intravenous insulin therapy with a portable insulin dosage-regulating apparatus. Diabetes 1979; 28: 196–8.

Botz CK Marliss EB Albisser AM . Blood glucose regulation using closed- and open-loop insulin delivery systems. Diabetologia 1979; 17: 45–7.

Horwitz DL Granger JF Nattrass M Martin MJ Ash SL . Combined preprogrammed and feedback-controlled insulin administration with an artificial beta cell. Diabetes 1979; 28: 376–9.

Pickup JC Keen H Parsons JA Albert KGMM . Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: An approach to achieving normoglycemia. Br Med J 1978; 1: 204.

Pickup JC Keen H Viberti GC . Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1980; 3: 290–3.

Pickup JC Keen H . Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: A developing tool in diabetes research. Diabetologia 1980; 18: 1–5.

Tamborlane WV Sherwin RS Genel M Felig P . Reduction to normal of plasma glucose in juvenile diabetes by subcutaneous administration of insulin with a portable infusion pump. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 5734.

Tamborlane WV Sherwin RS Genel M Felig P . Outpatient treatment of juvenile-onset diabetes with a preprogrammed portable subcutaneous insulin infusion system. Am J Med 1980; 68: 190–1.

Champion MD Shelher GAA Rodger NW Dupre J . Continuous subcutaneous insulin suppression in the management of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1980; 29: 106–9.

Pickup JC White MC Keen H Kohner EM Parson JA Alberti KGMM . Long-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in diabetics at home. Lancet 1979; 2: 870–3.

Steno Study Group. Effect of 6 months of strict metabolic control on eye and kidney function in insulin-dependent diabetics with background retinopathy. Lancet 1982; 1: 121–3.

Lauritzen T Frost-Larsen K Larsen HW , Deckert T, Steno Study Group. Effect of 1 year of near-normal blood glucose levels on retinopathy in insulin-dependent diabetics. Lancet 1983; 1: 200–4.

Kroc Collaborative Study Group. Near normal glycemic control does not slow progression of mild diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 1983; 32 (suppl 1): 10A–3A.

Tamborlane WV Sherwin RS Genel M Felig P . Restoration of normal lipid and amino acid metabolism in diabetic patients with a portable insulin-infusion pump. Lancet 1979; 1: 1258–60.

Pickup JC Keen H Parsons JA Albert KGMM Rowe AS . Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: Improved blood glucose and intermediary metabolite control in diabetics. Lancet 1979; 1: 1255.

Raskin P Pietri A Unger RH . Changes in glucagon levels after four to five weeks of glucoregulation by portable insulin infusion pumps. Diabetes 1979; 28: 1033–6.

Tamborlane WV Sherwin RS Koivisto V Hendler R Genel M Felig P . Exercise in juvenile-onset diabetic subjects treated with a portable insulin infusion pump. Diabetes 1979; 28: 785–8.

Rizza RA Gerich JE Haymond MW . Control of blood sugar in insulin-dependent diabetes: Comparison of an artificial endocrine pancreas, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and intensified conventional insulin therapy. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 1313–6.

Viberti GC Pickup JC Jarrett RJ Keen H . Effect of control of blood glucose on urinary excretion of albumin and microglobulin in insulin-dependent diabetes. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 638–41.

Viberti GC Hill RD Jarrett RJ Argyropoulos A Mahmud U Keen H . Microalbuminuria as a predictor of clinical nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1982; 1: 1430–3.

Galloway JA . Chemistry and clinical use of insulin. In: Galloway JA Potvin JH Shuman CR , eds. Diabetes mellitus. 9th ed. Indianapolis: Eli Lilly, 1988: 105–37.

American Association of Diabetes Educators. Position statement: Education for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pump users. Diabetes Educ 1986; 1: 10–3.

Pickup JC Sherwin RS Tamborlane WV Rizza RA Service JF . The pump life: Patient responses and clinical and technological problems. Diabetes 1985; 34 (suppl 3): 37–41.

Lauritzen T Thorsteinsson B Pramming S Soresen L Binder C . Subcutaneous absorption of U-40 and U-100 insulin. Horm Metab Res 1984; 11: 611–2.

Kobayashi T Sawano S Itoh T Kosaka K Hirayama H Kasuya Y . The pharmacokinetics of insulin after continuous subcutaneous infusion or bolus subcutaneous injection in diabetic patients. Diabetes 1983; 32: 31–6.

Hirayama H Kasuya Y Kobayashi T . Pharmacokinetic approach for restriction of predetermined plasma insulin profiles by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in depancreatized dogs. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1983; 11: 595–609.

Riley WJ Silverstein JH Rosenbloom AL Spillar R McCallum MH . Ambulatory diabetes management with pulsed subcutaneous insulin using a pump. Clin Pediatr 1980; 19: 609–14.

Greene SA Smith MA Baum JD . Clinical application of insulin pumps in the management of insulin dependent diabetes. Arch Dis Child 1983; 58: 578–81.

Davies AG Price DA Houlton CA Burn JL Fielding BA Postlethwaite RJ . Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in diabetes mellitus: A year's prospective trial. Arch Dis Child 1984; 59: 1027–33.

Hamlet P Abarca G Lopez D . Patient self-management of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetes Care 1982; 5: 485–91.

Lecavalier L Haurankova J Hamlet P Chiasson JL . Effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple injections on insulin receptors in insulin-dependent diabetics. Diabetes Care 1987; 10: 300–5.

Tamborlane WV Champion MC Rizza RA Service JF Bergenstal RM . Observations on control of glycemia with conventional insulin therapy or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetes 1985; 34 (suppl 3): 22–6.

Lawson P Home PD Bergenstal R . Observations on blood lipid and intermediary metabolite concentrations during conventional insulin treatment or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetes 1985; 34 (suppl 3): 27–30.

Soltesz G Molnar D Decesi T Hamor A Klujber L . The metabollic and hormonal effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy in diabetic children. Diabetologia 1988; 31: 30–4.

Koivisto VA Yki-Jarvinen H Helve E Karonen SL Pelkonen R . Pathogenesis and prevention of the dawn phenomenon in diabetic patients treated with CSII. Diabetes 1986; 35: 78–82.

Beaufrere B Beylot M Metz C . Dawn phenomenon in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic adolescents: Influence of nocturnal growth hormone secretion. Diabetologia 1988; 31: 607–11.

Perriello G Defeo P Bolli GB . The dawn phenomenon: Nocturnal blood glucose homeostasis in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med 1988; 5: 13–21.

Campbell PJ Bolli GB Cryer PE Gerich JE . Pathogenesis of the dawn phenomenon in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1473–9.

Geffner ME Frank HJ Kaplan SA Lippe BM Levin SR . Early-morning hyperglycemia in diabetic individuals treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetes Care 1983; 6: 135–9.

Spraul M Chantelau E Schonbach AM Berger M . Glycemic effects of beer in IDDM patients: Studies with constant insulin delivery. Diabetes Care 1988; 11: 659–61.

Venahus A Chantelau E . Self-selected unrefined and refined carbohydrate diets do not affect metabolic control in pump-treated diabetic patients. Diabetologica 1988; 31: 153–7.

Mitchell TH Abraham G Schiffrin A Leiter LA Murliss EB . Hyperglycemia after intense exercise in IDDM subjects during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetes Care 1988; 11: 311–7.

Bolli G DeFeo P Compagnucci P . Abnormal glucose counterregulation in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Interaction of anti-insulin antibodies and impaired glucagon and epinephrine secretion. Diabetes 1983; 32: 134–41.

Rizza RA Cryer PE Gerich JE . Role of glucagon, catecholamines and growth hormone in human glucose counterregulation: Effects of somatostatin and combined alpha and beta adrenergic blockade on plasma glucose recovery and glucose flux rates after insulin-induced hypoglycemia. J Clin Invest 1979; 64: 62–71.

Buchwald H . Implantable drug infusion devices. Surg Rounds 1984; 7: 16–23.

Buchwald H Chute EP Goldenberg FJ . Implantable infusion pump management of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg 1985; 202: 278–82.

Penn I . Diabetes mellitus and the surgeon. Curr Prob Surg 1987; 24: 541–603.

Blackshear PJ Roussell AM Cohen AM Nathan DM . Basal-rate intravenous insulin infusion compared to conventional insulin treatment in patients with type-II diabetes: A prospective cross-over trial. Diabetes Care 1989; 12: 455–63.

Krzentowski G Scheen A Castillo M Luyckx AS Lefebvre PJ . A 6 hour nocturnal interruption of a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. 1. Metabolic and hormonal consequences and scheme for a prompt return to adequate control. Diabetologia 1983; 24: 314–8.

Scheen AJ Henriuaux P Jandrain B Paolisso G Lefebvre P . Prevention of metabolic alterations by insulin supplements administered either before or after 2 hour nocturnal interruption of CSII. Diabetes Care 1987; 10: 567–72.

Scheen AJ Henriuaux P Jandrain B Lefebvre P . U-100 insulin gives some protection against metabolic deterioration due to CSII interruption. Diabetes Care 1987; 10: 707–11.

Peden NR Braaten JT McKenday JBR . Diabetic ketoacidosis during long-term treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetes Care 1984; 7: 1–5.

Teutsch SM Herman WH Dwyer DM Lane JM . Mortality among diabetic patients using continuous subcutaneous insulin-infusion pumps. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 361–8.

Mecklenberg RS Benson EA Benson JW . Acute complications associated with insulin infusion pump therapy, report of experience with 161 patients. JAMA 1984; 252: 3265–9.

Bending JJ Pickup JC Keen H . Frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemic coma during treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Am J Med 1985; 79: 685–91.

Knight G Jennings AM Boulton AJM Tomlinson S Ward JD . Severe hyperkalemia and ketoacidosis during routine treatment with an insulin pump. Br J Med 1985; 291: 371–2.

Nguyen TV Burnett JW . Local skin reaction caused by the plastic catheter tubing of the continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion system. Cutis 1988; 41: 355–6.

Chantelau E Lange G Sonneberg GE Berger M . Acute cutaneous complications and catheter needle colonization during insulin infusion pump treatment. Diabetes Care 1987; 10: 478–82.

Romero GS Clarke WL . Another complication associated with CSII systems (letter). Diabetes Care 1988; 11: 370.

Mecklenburg RS Guinn TS . Complications of insulin pump therapy: The effect of insulin preparation. Diabetes Care 1985; 8: 367–70.

Salem JL Lord P Antwerp WPV Drazin RE Kandel J Charles M . Heparin addition to insulin in implantable pumps to prevent catheter obstruction (letter). Diabetes Care 1989; 12: 38–9.

Moses AC Gordon GS Carey MC Flier JS . Insulin administered intranasally as an insulin-bile salt aerosol: Effectiveness and reproducibility in normal and diabetic subjects. Diabetes 1983; 32: 1040–7.

Nolte MS Taboga C Salamon E . Euglycemic clamping to determine the bioavailability of intranasally administered insulin in normal subjects (abstract). Clin Res 1987; 35: 156A.

Silver RD Moses AC Carey MC Flier JS . Insulin-bile salt nasal aerosol markedly reduces postprandial glycemic excursion in diabetics (abstract). Clin Res 1984; 33 (suppl 1): 75A.

Lasserman-Vague V Thiers D Vialettes B Vague PH . Pre-prandial intranasal insulin (letter). Lancet 1988; 1: 3678.

Salzman R Manson JE Griffing GT . Intranasal aerosolized insulin mixed-meal studies and long-term use in type I diabetes. N Engl J Med 1984; 312: 1078–84.

Schulter KJ Kohler D Enzmann F Kerp L . Pulmonary administration of human insulin in volunteers and type I diabetics (abstract). 1984; 33 (suppl 1): 75A.

Schade DS Santiago J Skyler J Rizza R , eds. Intensive insulin therapy. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1983: 669–70.

Davies AG Baum JD . A decade of insulin infusion pumps. Arch Dis Child 1988; 63: 329–32.

Rudolf MC Ahern JA Genel M . Optimal insulin delivery in adolescents with diabetes: Impact of intensive treatment on psychosocial adjustment. Diabetes Care 1982; 5 (suppl 1): 53–7.

Mazur M . A prime pump. Diabetes Forecast 1989; 3: 25–31.