Study of Antipsychotic Drug Use in Long-Term Care Facilities

Levenson AJ . Psychotropic drug use in the elderly: An overview. Am Fam Physician 1981; 24: 194–9.

Levenson AJ Beller SA . Psychotropic drug use in the elderly: Optimal technique. Urban Health 1983; 12: 29–37.

Kirven LE Montero EF . Comparison of thioridazine and diazepam in the control of nonpsychotic symptoms associated with senility: Double-blind study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1973; 21: 546–51.

Maurer AS . Management of emotional disturbances in geriatric patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1973; 21: 226–8.

Ganguli R . The rational use of psychotropic drugs. Urban Health 1983; 12: 42–8.

Daniel R . Psychiatric drug use and abuse in the aged. Geriatrics 1970; 25: 144–5.

Covert AB Rodrigues T Solomon K . The use of mechanical and chemical restraints in nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc 1977; 25: 85–9.

Hollister LE Kosek JC . Sudden death during treatment with phenothiazine derivatives. JAMA 1965; 192: 1035–8.

Leestma JE Koenig KL . Sudden death and phenothiazines. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1968; 18: 137–48.

Smego RA Durack DT . The neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1982; 142: 1183–5.

Caroff SN . Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 1980; 41: 79–84.

Litvak P Kaebling R . Agranulocytosis, leukopenia and psychotropic drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1971; 24: 265–7.

Ducomb L Baldessarini RJ . Timing and risk of bone marrow depression by psychotropic drugs. Am J Psychiatry 1977; 134: 1294–5.

Lipscomb PA . Cardiovascular side effects of phenothiazines and tricyclic antidepressants. Postgrad Med 1980; 67 (3): 189–92.

Kemper AJ Dunlap R Pietro DA . Thioridazine-induced torsade de pointes. JAMA 1983; 249: 2931–4.

Kane JM Smith JM . Tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39: 473–81.

Jeste DV . Tardive dyskinesia—reversible and persistent. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979; 36: 585–90.

Jeste DV Linnoila M Wagner RL Wyatt RJ . Serum neuroleptic concentrations and tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology 1982; 76: 377–80.

Sweet C Cole JO Shapiro S Slone D . Extrapyramidal side effects in chlorpromazine recipients—emergence according to benztropine prophylaxis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977; 34: 942–3.

Ereshefsky L Stimmel GL . Psychoses. In: Katcher BS Young LY Koda-Kimble MA , eds. Applied therapeutics: The clinical use of drugs. 3rd ed. Spokane: Applied Therapeutics, 1983: 1000–6.

Tepper SJ Haas JF . Prevalence of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry 1979; 40: 508–16.

Hicks R Dysken MW Davis JM Lesser J Ripeckyj A Lazarus L . The pharmacokinetics of psychotropic medication in the elderly: A review. J Clin Psychiatry 1981; 42: 374–85.

Eisdorfer C . Observations on the psychopharmacology of the aged. J Am Geriatr Soc 1975; 23: 53–7.

Prien RF Haber PA Caffey EM . The use of psychoactive drugs in elderly patients with psychiatric disorders: Survey conducted in twelve Veterans Administration hospitals. J Am Geriatr Soc 1975; 23: 104–12.

Kalchthaler T Coccaro E Lichtiger S . Incidence of polypharmacy in a long-term care facility. J Am Geriatr Soc 1977; 25: 308–13.

Fracchia J Sheppard C Merlis S . Combination medications in psychiatric treatment: Patterns in a group of elderly hospital patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1971; 19: 301–7.

Mann AH Jenkins R Cross PS Gurland BJ . A comparison of the prescriptions received by the elderly in long-term care in New York and London. Psychol Med 1984; 14: 891–7.

Zawadski RT Glazer GB Lurie E . Psychotropic drug use among institutionalized and noninstitutionalized Medicaid aged in California. J Gerontol 1978; 33: 825–34.

Ingman SR Lawson IR Pierpaeli PG . A survey of the prescribing and administration of drugs in long-term care institutions for the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1975; 23: 309–16.

Robers PA . Extent of medication use in U.S. long-term care facilities. Am J Hosp Pharm 1988; 45: 93–100.

Ray WA Fererspiel CF Schaffner W . A study of antipsychotic drug use in nursing homes: Epidemiological evidence suggesting misuse. Am J Public Health 1980; 70: 485–91.

Buck JA . Psychotropic drug practice in nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36: 409–18.

Beers M Avorn J Soumerai SB . Psychoactive medication use in intermediate-care facility residents. JAMA 1988; 260: 3016–20.

Avorn J Dreyer P Connelly K Soumerai SB . Use of psychoactive medication and the quality of care in rest homes. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 227–32.

Guy W . ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. Rev. ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1976.

Munetz MR Benjamin S . How to examine patients using the abnormal involuntary movement scale. Hosp Comm Psychiatry 1988; 39: 1172–7.

Health Care Financing Administration. Department of Health and Human Services. BERC-396-P. Sec. 483.25. Fed Reg vol. 52, No. 200, 16 October 1987.

Crane GE Smeets RA . Tardive dyskinesia and drug therapy in geriatric patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974; 30: 341–3.

Gerlach J Casey DE . Tardive dyskinesia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988; 77: 369–78.