Insomnia Management and Hypnotic Benzodiazepine Therapeutics

Mellinger GD Baiter MB Uhlenhuth EH . Insomnia and its treatment: Prevalence and correlates. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42: 225–32.

Coleman RH Roffwarg HP Kennedy SJ . Sleep-wake disorders based on a polysomnographic diagnosis: A national cooperative study. JAMA 1982; 247: 997–1003.

Clift AD , ed. Sleep disturbance and hypnotic drug dependence. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1975:155–77.

Kales A Kales JD . Evaluation and treatment of insomnia. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984:21–5.

Hobson JA . Sleep and its disorders. In: Wyngaarden JB Smith LH , eds. Cecil textbook of medicine. 17th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985:1988–9.

Kales A Scharf MB Kales JD . Rebound insomnia. JAMA 1979; 241: 1692–5.

Hauri P Orr WC . The sleep disorders. In: Current concepts. Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn, 1982:22.

Harvey SC . Hypnotics and sedatives. In: Goodman LS Gilman A , eds. Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1975:102–36.

Greenblatt DJ Divoll M Abernethy DR . Benzodiazepine hypnotics: Kinetic and therapeutic options. Sleep 1982; 5 (suppl): S18–S27.

Greenblatt JD Divoll M Harmatz JS . Kinetics and clinical effects of flurazepam in young and elderly noninsomniacs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 29: 475–6.

Kales A Kales JD Bixler EO . Effectiveness of hypnotic drugs with prolonged use: Flurazepam and pentobarbital. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975; 18: 356–63.

Kales A Bixler EO Scharf M . Sleep laboratory studies of flurazepam: A model for evaluating hypnotic drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1976; 19: 576–83.

Ray WA Griffin MR Downey W . Benzodiazepines of long and short elimination half-life and the risk of hip fracture. JAMA 1989; 262: 3303–7.

Martin IL . The molecular pharmacology of the minor tranquilizers. In: Balfour DJK , ed. Psychotropic drugs of abuse. New York: Pergamon Press, 1990:103–34.

Kales A . Quazepam: Hypnotic efficacy and adverse effects. Pharmacotherapy 1990; 10: 1–12.

Bixler EO Kales A Soldatos CR . Effectiveness of temazepam with short-, intermediate-, and long-term use: Sleep laboratory evaluation. J Clin Pharmacol 1978; 18: 110–8.

Mitler MM Carskadon MA Phillips RL . Hypnotic efficacy of temazepam: A long-term sleep laboratory evaluation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 8 (suppl): 63S–8S.

Physicians' desk reference. 44th ed. Oradell, NJ: Medical Economics, 1990:1949–50.

Moran MG Thompson TL Nies AS . Sleep disorders in the elderly. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 1369–78.

Fillingim JM . Double-blind evaluation of temazepam, flurazepam, and placebo in geriatric insomniacs. Clin Ther 1982; 4: 369–80.

Roth T Kramer M Lutz T . The effects of triazolam (.25 mg) on the sleep of insomniac subjects. Drug Exp Clin Res 1977; 1: 271–7.

Kales A Kales JD Bixler EO . Hypnotic efficacy of triazolam: Sleep laboratory evaluation of intermedicate-term effectiveness. J Clin Pharmacol 1976; 16: 399–406.

Adam K Oswald I Shapiro C . Effects of loprazolam and triazolam on sleep and overnight urinary cortisol. Psychopharmacology 1984; 82: 389–94.

Kales A Bixler EO Kales JD . Comparative effectiveness of nine hypnotic drugs: Sleep laboratory studies. J Clin Pharmacol 1977; 17: 207–13.

Pegram V Hyde P Linton P . Chronic use of triazolam: The effects on the sleep patterns of insomniacs. J Int Med Res 1980; 8: 224–31.

Mamelak M Price V . A comparative 25-night sleep laboratory study on the effects of quazepam and triazolam on chronic insomniacs. J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 24: 65–75.

Leibowitz M Sunshine A . Long-term hypnotic efficacy and safety of triazolam and flurazepam. J Clin Pharmacol 1978; 18: 302–9.

Gillin JC Spinweber CL Johnson LC . Rebound insomnia: A critical review. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1989; 9: 161–72.

Greenblatt DJ Harmatz JS Zinny MA . Effect of gradual withdrawal on the rebound sleep disorder after discontinuation of triazolam. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 722–8.

Bixler EO Kales A Brubaker BH . Adverse reactions to benzodiazepine hypnotics: Spontaneous reporting system. Pharmacology 1987; 35: 286–300.

Woods JH Katz JL Winger G . Use and abuse of benzodiazepines. JAMA 1988; 260: 3476–80.