Our Medicine,Our Heritage: A Systematic Review of Traditional and Alternative Medicine Integration in Tanzania’s Health Policy Landscape

Abstract

Background:

Traditional and alternative medicine (TAM) remains a cornerstone of health care in Tanzania, particularly in rural and underserved communities. Despite its cultural significance and widespread use, TAM occupies a largely underregulated space within the national health system. This review critically examines the historical evolution, policy frameworks, and institutional roles shaping TAM’s integration in Tanzania.

Methods:

A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement and Joanna Briggs Institute protocols. Searches were undertaken in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, and supplemented by gray literature from government and international organizations. Studies published between January 2010 and May 2025 were included, alongside selected pre-2010 sources providing essential historical or legislative context. Data were extracted and synthesized thematically to evaluate policy development, regulatory mechanisms, and institutional mandates. The PRISMA flow diagram summarizes the screening process, with 34 studies forming the core evidence base for thematic analysis.

Results:

Analysis of the 34 included studies indicates progress through instruments such as the Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (2002), the Traditional Medicine Policy (2009), and the Medicines and Medical Devices Act (2019). Key institutions including the Ministry of Health, the Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, and the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology have advanced regulation, accreditation, and research. However, persistent challenges remain, notably fragmented institutional coordination, limited professional recognition, and inadequate protection of intellectual property. Comparative insights from the World Health Organization and the African Union frameworks highlight opportunities for policy alignment, innovation, and regional collaboration.

Conclusion:

TAM continues to play a critical role in Tanzania’s health care landscape by providing culturally congruent and accessible services. Strengthening regulation, enhancing institutional coordination, embedding monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, and safeguarding indigenous knowledge are essential for sustainable integration. Balancing cultural heritage with scientific validation will support health care equity and consolidate TAM’s position within national health policy frameworks.