The notion of ‘order’ has been central in 20th-century attempts to explain complex phenomena. The notion of order in the case of complex phenomena has been generally associated with the idea of ‘selforganization’; that is, the spontaneous emergence of coordinating patterns in complex systems. In briefly re-considering the idea of order, this article focuses on ‘self-organizing orders’ and the implication of this issue not only for a theory of the city but also for a theory of intervention on the city (i.e. a theory of planning).
AbercrombieP (1943) Town and Country Planning. London: Oxford University Press.
2.
AdamsT (1935) Outline of Town and City Planning. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
3.
AlfasiN (2018) The coding turn in urban planning: Could it remedy the essential drawbacks of planning?Planning Theory17(3): 375–395.
4.
AlfasiNPortugaliJ (2007) Planning rules for a self-planned city. Planning Theory6(2): 164–182.
5.
BattyMMarshallS (2012) The origins of complexity theories in cities and planning. In: PortugaliJMeyerHStolkETanE (eds) Complexity Theories of Cities Have Come of Age. Berlin: Springer, 21–45.
6.
BohmD (1980) Wholeness and the Implicate Order. London: Routledge.
7.
BohmDPeatFD (1987) Science, Order and Creativity. Toronto: Bantham.
8.
BurgerT (1977) Talcott Parsons, the problem of order in society, and the program of an analytical sociology. American Journal of Sociology83(2): 320–339.
9.
ChivaRGrandíoAAlegreJ (2010) Adaptive and generative learning: Implications from complexity theories. International Journal of Management Reviews12(2): 114–129.
10.
ConsidérantV (1848) Description du Phalanstère et Considérations Sociales sur l’Architectonique. Paris: Librairie sociétaire.
11.
CoveneyPHighfieldR (1995) Frontiers of Complexity. New York: Faber and Faber.
12.
CozzolinoSMoroniS (2021) Multiple agents and self-organisation in complex cities: The crucial role of several property. Land Use Policy103: 1–7.
13.
CozzolinoSMoroniS (2024) Action, Property and Beauty: Planning with and for Emergent Urban Complexity. London: Routledge.
14.
diZeregaG (2008) New directions in emergent order research. Studies in Emergent Order1: 1–23.
HakenHPortugaliJ (1995) A synergetic approach to the self-organization of cities and settlements. Environment and Planning B22(1): 35–46.
17.
HayekFA (1967) Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. London: Routledge.
18.
HayekFA (1978) New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas. London: Routledge.
19.
HayekFA (1982) Law, Legislation and Liberty. London: Routledge.
20.
HayekFA (1988) The Fatal Conceit. London: Routledge.
21.
HollandJH (1995) Hidden Order. New York: Basic Books.
22.
HoweFC (1914) The Modern City and Its Problems. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
23.
JencksCRiesmanD (1971) The two problems of order in Parsons’ theory: An analysis from within. Social Forces49(4): 569–581.
24.
LewisNP (1916) Planning the Modern City. New York: Wiley.
25.
MarshallS (2009) Cities, Design and Evolution. London: Routledge.
26.
MoroniS (2011) Land-use regulation for the creative city. In: AnderssonDEAnderssonAEMellanderC (eds) Handbook of Creative Cities. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 343–364.
27.
MoroniS (2012) Land-use planning and the question of unintended consequences. In: AnderssonDE (eds) The Spatial Market Process. Bingley: Emerald, 265–288.
28.
MoroniS (2023) Distinguishing ‘planning’ from the ‘plan’. Institutional and professional implications of taking urban complexity seriously. European Planning Studies31(11): 2327–2341.
29.
MoroniSRauwsWCozzolinoS (2020) Forms of self-organization: Urban complexity and planning implications. Environment and Planning B47(2): 220–234.
30.
MumfordL (1938) The Culture of Cities. San Diego: Harcourt Brace.
31.
ParsonsT (1937) The Structure of Social Action. New York: McGraw-Hill.
32.
PartanenJ (2020) Guiding urban self-organization: Combining rule-based and case-based planning. Environment and Planning B47(2): 304–320.
33.
PolanyiM (1951) The Logic of Liberty. London: Routledge.
34.
PortugaliJ (1994) The shrew environment. Science in Context7(2): 307–326.
PortugaliJ (2000) Self-Organization and the City. Berlin: Springer.
37.
PortugaliJ (2006) Complexity theory as a link between space and place. Environment and Planning A38(4): 647–664.
38.
PortugaliJ (2008) Learning from paradoxes about prediction and planning in self-organizing cities. Planning Theory7(3): 248–262.
39.
PortugaliJ (2011) Complexity, Cognition and the City. Berlin: Springer.
40.
PortugaliJ (2012) Complexity theories of cities: First, second or third culture of planning? In: De RooGHillierJVan WezemaelJ (eds) Complexity and Planning. Farnham: Ashgate, 117–140.
41.
PortugaliJ (2024) Bohm’s theory of orders as a basis for a unified urban theory. Dialogues in Urban Research2(3): 267–289.
42.
RauwsW (2016) Civic initiatives in urban development: Self-governance versus self-organisation in planning practice. Town Planning Review87(3): 339–361.
43.
RauwsWCozzolinoSMoroniS (2020) Framework rules for self-organizing cities: Introduction. Environment and Planning B47(2): 195–202.
44.
RauwsWde RooG (2016) Adaptive planning: Generating conditions for urban adaptability. Environment and Planning B43(6): 1052–1074.
45.
StrogatzS (2003) Sync. The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order. New York: Hyperion Books.
46.
WilkinsonC (2012) Beyond blueprints? Complexity theory as a prospective influence for metropolitan governance. In: De RooGHillierJVan WezemaelJ (eds) Complexity and Planning. Farnham: Ashgate, 243–268.
47.
WrongD (1994) Problem of Order. New York: The Free Press.
