The U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement—Implications for global climate governance and security

Council on Foreign Relations. (2024). Who releases the most greenhouse gases?https://education.cfr.org/learn/reading/who-releases-most-greenhouse-gases

Falkner R. Buzan B. (Eds.) (2022). Great powers, climate change, and global environmental responsibilities. Oxford University Press.

Gibson K. (2025). The Trump administration’s retreat from global climate leadership. Center for American Progresshttps://www.americanprogress.org/article/the-trump-administrations-retreat-from-global-climate-leadership/

Goodman S. (2024). Threat multiplier: Climate, military leadership, and the fight for global security. Island Press.

Ide T. (2023). Catastrophes, confrontations, and constraints: How disasters shape the dynamics of armed conflicts. MIT Press.

IEA. (2024). World energy investment 2024: Overview and key findings. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2024/overview-and-key-findings

Kopp R. J. Pizer W. Rennert K. (2023). Carbon border adjustments: design elements, options, and policy decisions. Resources for the Future. https://www.rff.org/publications/reports/carbon-border-adjustments-design-elements-options-and-policy-decisions/#:∼:text=Abstract,Union%20and%20the%20United%20States

Sarkar A. de Waal A. (2024). Going ‘cold turkey’: Oil addiction and ‘traumatic’ decarbonization in fragile fossil fuel producers. Environment and Security, 2(3), 323–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/27538796241275523

Shaw A. (2024). Republican states benefitting most from IRA. Power Technology. https://www.power-technology.com/news/report-claims-that-republican-states-benefitting-most-from-ira/?cf-view

Stavins R. N. (2025). What Trump’s expected exit from the Paris Agreement will mean. Harvard Climate Blog. https://salatainstitute.harvard.edu/what-trumps-expected-exit-from-the-paris-agreement-will-mean/

Swain A. (2025). Climate security. Sage.

The White House. (2025). Putting America first in international environmental agreements. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/putting-america-first-in-international-environmental-agreements/

UNFCCC. (2015). The Paris Agreement. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement

United States Climate Alliance. (2025). U.S. climate alliance vows to sustain, advance climate action across America ahead of presidential inauguration. https://usclimatealliance.org/press-releases/alliance-inauguration-statement-jan-2025/