Light,Laser,and Fractals: A Necessary Dialogue

Koban L , et al. Fractal analysis of biological structures in light–tissue interaction. Lasers Med Sci, 2019; 34(8):1593–1603.

Xu F , et al. Fractal modeling of light diffusion in scattering tissues. Opt Express, 2020; 28(17):24972–24986.

Zhang Y , et al. Fractal bio-photonics and tissue coherence in low-level laser therapy. Front Physiol, 2024; 15:942131.

Tuchin VV . Tissue Optics: Light Scattering Methods and Instruments for Medical Diagnosis. 4th ed. SPIE Press; 2015.

Jacques SL . Optical properties of biological tissues: A review. Phys Med Biol, 2013; 58(11):R37–R61.

Popp FA . About the coherence of biophotons. Radiat Environ Biophys, 1999; 38(1):13–19.

Brugnera A, Jr , et al. Biophotonics and the life sciences. Photomed Laser Surg, 2015; 33(11):531–532; doi: 10.1089/pho.2015.4047

Takahashi M , et al. Modeling photon propagation in complex biological media. J Biophotonics, 2021; 14(5).

Lanzafame RJ . Light dosing and tissue penetration: It is complicated. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg, 2020; 38(7):393–394; doi: 10.1089/photob.2020.4843

Nicola JH , et al. Estudo teórico e experimental da interação da radiação laser polarizada com tecidos vivos. Rev Bras Eng Bioméd, 2018; 34(2):143–154.

Ismail M , Michel T , Heysselaer D , et al. Absorption, thermal relaxation time, and beam penetration depth of laser wavelengths in ex vivo porcine gingival tissues. Dent J (Basel), 2025; 13(9):397; doi: 10.3390/dj13090397

Brugnera A. Jr ., Laser phototherapy in dentistry. Photomed Laser Surg, 2009; 27(4):533–534; doi: 10.1089/pho.2009.9952

Sommer AP , Pinheiro ALB , Mester AR , Franke RP , Whelan HT . Biostimulatory windows in low-intensity laser activation: Lasers, scanners, and NASA’s LED array system. J Clin Laser Med Surg, 2001; 19(1):29–33.

Vanzulli G , et al. The biophysical meaning of coherence in biological organization. Front Physiol, 2022; 13:829051.