Enhancement of Photobiomodulation Therapy for Reducing Rheumatoid Arthritis Using Different Energy Densities

Abstract

Background:

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a persistent inflammatory condition that results in joint deterioration and impairment. A noninvasive treatment option that has shown promise is photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), but the optimal energy density for RA management is not well established.

Objective:

This study aims to assess the therapeutic efficacy of PBMT utilizing varying energy densities on RA in male rats, in comparison with methotrexate treatment.

Methods:

A case-control study was conducted on 48 male rats randomly assigned to six groups: Group I is the negative control, Group II is the RA positive control, Group III is the RA + PBMT 36 J/cm², Group IV is the RA + PBMT 54 J/cm², Group V is the RA + PBMT 72 J/cm², and Group VI is the RA plus methotrexate. RA was induced in all groups except Group I. Treatments were applied over a defined period. Outcomes included paw thickness and biochemical markers: superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and rheumatoid factor.

Results:

All PBMT-treated groups showed significant reductions in paw thickness, and pro-inflammatory indicators were compared with the RA positive control (p < 0.05). PBMT at 54 J/cm² (Group IV) demonstrated the most pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, comparable with methotrexate. Oxidative stress marker MDA decreased significantly, while SOD levels increased in all PBMT groups, particularly in Group IV.

Conclusion:

PBMT at an energy density of 54 J/cm² appears optimal in mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress in RA, providing a potential non-pharmacologic adjunct to conventional therapy.