Electrical Stimulation in Cell Culture: Why It Is Still Not Easy or Accessible—and How We Fix It

Abstract

Growing insight into bioelectric regulation of cell behavior has driven extensive use of electrical stimulation in in vitro studies over the last decade, notably in the enhancement of stem cell maturation. This has prompted the development of electrical stimulation bioreactors to provide the stimulation parameters required for such studies. However, biological outcomes are highly sensitive to stimulation parameters, electrode geometry, and electrode-electrolyte interface. These are factors that current commercial and custom systems handle differently; commercial platforms are robust but often cost-prohibitive, whereas custom open-source systems are cheaper but typically lack validated, user-friendly hardware and standardization. In this perspective, we argue for openly documented electrical stimulation platforms that are not only published but also made available through open-source science manufacturers. Coupling transparent designs with distributed assembly and open validation data offers the potential to lower current barriers to entry, enabling wider adoption of pre-characterized, affordable systems that improve reproducibility and mechanistic clarity.