This study presents a systematic and critical review of global scientific research on lithium extraction from 2004 to 2025. Using a mixed-method approach bibliometric analysis, keyword co-occurrence mapping, and qualitative content evaluation, 383 peer-reviewed articles were analyzed following PRISMA protocols. Three major thematic clusters emerged: (a) direct lithium extraction (DLE) from brines using advanced membranes and electrochemical systems; (b) environmental and social impacts of extraction in sensitive regions and (c) integrated extraction strategies combining chemical, electrochemical and thermal methods. The review highlights a shift from basic materials research to hybrid technologies aligned with circular economy principles. Based on trend and citation analysis, four research priorities are proposed: improving membrane selectivity in high Mg2+/Li+ brines, integrating waste valorisation, developing geothermal–solar hybrid systems and applying AI for process optimisation. These priorities support sustainable, efficient and socially responsible lithium extraction, addressing key challenges in the global energy transition.
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