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Abstract

Purpose:

The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of internal limiting membrane peeling in removal of idiopathic epiretinal membranes through meta-analysis.

Methods:

We searched PubMed for studies published until 30 April 2018. Inclusion criteria included cases of idiopathic epiretinal membranes, treated with vitrectomy with or without internal limiting membrane peeling. Exclusion criteria consisted of coexisting retinal pathologies and use of indocyanine green to stain the internal limiting membrane. Sixteen studies were included in our meta-analysis. We compared the results of surgical removal of epiretinal membrane, with or without internal limiting membrane peeling, in terms of best-corrected visual acuity and anatomical restoration of the macula (central foveal thickness). Studies or subgroups of patients who had indocyanine green used as an internal limiting membrane stain were excluded from the study, due to evidence of its toxicity to the retina.

Results:

Regarding best-corrected visual acuity levels, the overall mean difference was –0.29 (95% confidence interval: –0.319 to –0.261), while for patients with internal limiting membrane peeling was –0.289 (95% confidence interval: –0.334 to –0.244) and for patients without internal limiting membrane peeling was –0.282 (95% confidence interval: –0.34 to –0.225). Regarding central foveal thickness levels, the overall mean difference was –117.22 (95% confidence interval: –136.70 to –97.74), while for patients with internal limiting membrane peeling was –121.08 (95% confidence interval: –151.12 to –91.03) and for patients without internal limiting membrane peeling was –105.34 (95% confidence interval: –119.47 to –96.21).

Conclusion:

Vitrectomy for the removal of epiretinal membrane combined with internal limiting membrane peeling is an effective method for the treatment of patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane.

Keywords

epiretinal membrane internal limiting membrane macular pucker peeling

Introduction

Epiretinal membrane (ERM) is a quite common disorder of the vitreomacular interface. Studies have reported the prevalence of ERM, ranging from 7.0% to 11.8% and have shown differences in prevalence across ethnicities.^1,2 Systemic factors have also been found to be associated significantly with the formation of the membrane like age and hypertriglyceridemia.³ Its presence can cause visual impairment which can be significant and affect the quality of life of patients, requiring surgical treatment for the peeling of the membrane. Current knowledge about the pathogenesis points to a pathologic proliferation of cells (glial, retinal pigment epithelium cells, and myofibroblasts) that migrate through defects in the internal limiting membrane (ILM).^4,5

In cases of idiopathic ERMs, the traction exerted on the retina causes the proliferation of Müller cells through cellular protein mediators (GFAP, vimentin) in a process called gliosis. These defects may occur in the absence of any pathologic situations near retinal vessels. Larger breaks may occur due to posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) in paravascular areas.^6–8

Moreover, during vitreoschisis, when it occurs anterior to the level of hylocytes, a cellular layer is left on the macula.⁹ Hylocytes lying on the macular surface proliferate, recruit glial cells and induce collagen fibers contraction.¹⁰

Advances in optical coherence tomography have revealed detailed features of macular anatomy. These features serve as prognostic factors for visual acuity (VA) recovery after surgical removal of ERMs. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central foveal thickness (CFT) are the commonest factors examined for the assessment of patients with ERM.^11–15 BCVA is measured in logarithmic scale for statistical analysis. CFT is measured using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).

Indocyanine green (ICG) is a dye that has been widely used for the staining of ILM in vitreoretinal surgery. However, due to findings pointing the retinal toxicity of this dye, during the past years, it has been mainly replaced by trypan blue and brilliant blue G for ERM surgery.

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to study the effect of ILM peeling in surgical removal of ERMs.

Methods

Search strategy and selection criteria

This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We considered all studies regarding surgical treatment of patients with macular pucker comparing membrane peeling with or without ILM removal but also studies of surgical removal with ILM removal standalone. We searched PubMed using the following keywords (terms): (epiretinal membrane OR macular pucker) AND (ILM) AND (peel or peeling). We searched for studies published in English language, until 30 April 2018. The first search retrieved 337 studies. Three-hundred and seven papers were excluded after title/abstract screening. Thirty articles were read in full text, 12 were excluded for ICG being used for ILM peeling and 2 during data extraction because standard deviation values, necessary for statistical analysis, were missing. Finally, 16 studies were included in meta-analysis^16–31 (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

PRISMA Flow Diagram.

Inclusion criteria included cases of idiopathic ERMs, treated with vitrectomy with or without ILM peeling and assessed for logMAR BCVA and foveal thickness measurement. Exclusion criteria consisted of coexisting retinal pathologies and the use of ICG to stain the ILM. Studies (or subgroups of studies) where ICG had been used were excluded from the meta-analysis.

Data extraction

The data were independently extracted by two reviewers and rechecked after the first extraction. We recorded information on study characteristics and demographics such as authors, publication year and journal, sample size, treatment modality (with or without ILM peeling) preoperative and postoperative VA in LogMAR, preoperative and postoperative central macular thickness in μm. Totally 16 studies were included^16–31 (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1.

Data extracted regarding BCVA in logMAR.

Study	PMID	Year	Method	Patients	Preoperative BCVA	SD preoperative BCVA	BCVA 6 months or longer	SD BCVA 6 months or longer	Change	SD change	SE change
Lim and colleagues¹⁶	20,689,783	2010	With ILM peel	18	0.43	0.27	0.22	0.29	−0.21	0.280535	0.066123
Obata and colleagues¹⁷	27,760,434	2017	Without ILM peel	61	0.32	0.26	0.05	0.18	−0.27	0.230651	0.029532
Deltour and colleagues¹⁸	27,429,376	2017	With ILM peel (actively)	22	0.34	0.12	0.15	0.23	−0.19	0.199249	0.04248
Deltour and colleagues¹⁸	27,429,376	2017	With ILM peel (spontaneously)	10	0.25	0.18	0.1	0.05	−0.15	0.160935	0.050892
Shimada and colleagues¹⁹	19,427,701	2009	With ILM peel (no stain)	46	0.57	0.31	0.29	0.28	−0.28	0.296142	0.043664
Shimada and colleagues¹⁹	19,427,701	2009	With ILM peel (TA)	42	0.56	0.31	0.28	0.3	−0.28	0.305123	0.047081
Shimada and colleagues¹⁹	19,427,701	2009	With ILM peel (BBG)	54	0.59	0.36	0.23	0.26	−0.36	0.32187	0.043801
Kwok and colleagues²⁰	16,033,350	2005	Without ILM peel	17	0.96	0.18	0.65	0.32	−0.31	0.277849	0.067388
Mayer and colleagues²¹	26,421,182	2015	With ILM peel	42	0.60	0.20	0.2	0.2	−0.4	0.2	0.030861
Tari and colleagues²²	17,558,317	2007	With ILM peel	10	0.40	0.11	0.2	0.14	−0.2	0.131149	0.043716
Pournaras and colleagues²³	21,469,962	2011	Without ILM peel	15	0.48	0.22	0.37	0.42	−0.11	0.363868	0.09395
Ripandelli and colleagues²⁴	25,158,943	2015	With ILM peel	30	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Ripandelli and colleagues²⁴	25,158,943	2015	Without ILM peel	30	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Lee and colleagues²⁵	20,401,561	2010	Without ILM peel	19	0.67	0.34	0.32	0.23	−0.35	0.3005	0.068939
Ahn and colleagues²⁶	23,743,638	2014	Without ILM peel	69	0.31	0.21	0.11	0.12	−0.2	0.182483	0.021968
Machado and colleagues²⁷	25,932,723	2015	With ILM peel	31	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Tranos and colleagues²⁸	28,045,374	2017	Without ILM peel	52	0.55	0.05	n/a	n/a	−0.31	0.23	0.031895
Tranos and colleagues²⁸	28,045,374	2017	With ILM peel	50	0.50	0.04	n/a	n/a	−0.3	0.24	0.033941
De Novelli and colleagues²⁹	29,215,533	2019	Without ILM peel	35	0.67	0.29	0.27	0.25	−0.4	0.272213	0.046012
De Novelli and colleagues²⁹	29,215,533	2019	With ILM peel	28	0.63	0.31	0.43	0.43	−0.2	0.384318	0.072629
Kumar and colleagues³⁰	26,659,009	2016	With ILM peel	44	0.65	0.15	0.24	0.13	−0.41	0.141067	0.021267
Manousaridis and colleagues³¹	26,499,510	2016	With ILM peel	20	0.6	0.2	0.3	0.1	−0.3	0.173205	0.03873

BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; ILM, internal limiting membrane; TA: triamcinolone; BBG: brilliant blue G; PMID: PubMed IDentifier.

Table 2.

Data extracted regarding CFT in μm.

Study	PMID	Year	Method	Patients	Preoperative CFT	SD preoperative CFT	CFT 6 months or longer	SD CFT 6 months or longer	Change	SD change	SE change
Lim and colleagues.¹⁶	20,689,783	2010	With ILM peel	18	485	95.6	314.5	69.5	−170.5	85.59	20.17
Obata and colleagues.¹⁷	27,760,434	2017	Without ILM peel	61	463.6	80.7	369	60.2	−94.6	72.65	9.30
Deltour and colleagues.¹⁸	27,429,376	2017	With ILM peel (actively)	22	465.36	70.4	365.5	43.6	−99.86	61.54	13.12
Deltour and colleagues.¹⁸	27,429,376	2017	With ILM peel (spontaneously)	10	476.5	72.7	414.3	45.2	−62.2	63.58	20.11
Shimada and colleagues¹⁹	19,427,701	2009	With ILM peel (no stain)	46	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Shimada and colleagues¹⁹	19,427,701	2009	With ILM peel (TA)	42	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Shimada and colleagues¹⁹	19,427,701	2009	With ILM peel (BBG)	54	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Kwok and colleagues²⁰	16,033,350	2005	Without ILM peel	17	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a
Mayer and colleagues.²¹	26,421,182	2015	With ILM peel	42	455.7	104.3	332.3	55.1	−123.4	90.37	13.95
Tari and colleagues²²	17,558,317	2007	With ILM peel	9	433.33	75.51	330.67	32,29	−102.66	65.62	21.87
Pournaras and colleagues²³	21,469,962	2011	Without ILM peel	15	n/a	n/a	268.0	98.0	n/a	n/a	n/a
Ripandelli and colleagues²⁴	25,158,943	2015	With ILM peel	30	464.2	89.2	376.9	45.12	−87.3	77.25	14.10
Ripandelli and colleagues²⁴	25,158,943	2015	Without ILM peel	30	473.8	75.7	351.03	40.24	−122.77	65.60	11.98
Lee and colleagues²⁵	20,401,561	2010	Without ILM peel	19	398.42	95.34	282.53	95.71	−115.89	95.52	21.92
Ahn and colleagues²⁶	23,743,638	2014	Without ILM peel	69	445	99.3	356	58.9	−89	86.49	10.41
Machado and colleagues²⁷	25,932,723	2015	With ILM peel	31	451.9	90.36	221.94	35.04	−229.96	78.91	14.17
Tranos and colleagues²⁸	28,045,374	2017	Without ILM peel	52	540	113	n/a	n/a	−134	93	12.90
Tranos and colleagues²⁸	28,045,374	2017	With ILM peel	50	512	120	n/a	n/a	−125	103	14.57
De Novelli and colleagues²⁹	29,215,533	2019	Without ILM peel	35	486	125	377	82.5	−109	110.09	18.61
De Novelli and colleagues²⁹	29,215,533	2019	With ILM peel	28	475	117	388	69.2	−87	101.89	19.26
Kumar and colleagues³⁰	26,659,009	2016	With ILM peel	44	436.72	98.92	291.54	68.63	−145.18	87.79	13.23
Manousaridis and colleagues³¹	26,499,510	2016	With ILM peel	20	486	76	396	41	−90	65.89	14.73

CFT, central foveal thickness; ILM, internal limiting membrane; PMID, PubMed IDentifier; TA, triamcinolone; BBG, brilliant blue G.

Statistical analysis and meta-analysis

We used mean BCVA and CFT, standard deviations, and sample sizes reported in the individual studies to calculate effect size in means of mean difference. Mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in after/baseline BCVA and CFT levels were calculated. A random effects model (DerSimonian Laird method) and the generic inverse variance method were used since the heterogeneity was moderate to high. Statistical level significance between after/baseline BCVA and CFT levels was set at 0.05. We checked for heterogeneity with Cochran’s Q-test, where p < 0.10 denotes statistically significant heterogeneity and quantified the degree of heterogeneity with the I² index.³² Increased I² index corresponds to increased heterogeneity, and values of 25%, 50%, and 75% are considered as low, moderate, and high heterogeneity, respectively.³³ Egger test and Begg & Mazumdar test were used for the estimation of publication bias (p > 0.1 in both tests indicates the absence of publication bias. Statistical analysis was performed with OpenMeta(analyst) software.

Results

All studies found a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) in postoperative BCVA and decrease in postoperative CFT levels versus preoperative levels. Regarding BCVA levels, the overall mean difference was –0.29 (95% CI: –0.319 to –0.261), while for patients with ILM peeling was –0.289 (95% CI: –0.334 to -0.244) and for patients without ILM peeling was –0.282 (95% CI: –0.34 to –0.225; Figure 2). Moderate heterogeneity between studies was found in all cases (I² = 66.4% for all patients, I² = 68.5% for patients with ILM peeling and I² = 67.5% for patients without ILM peeling). There was publication bias (p = 0.011 for Egger test and p = 0.002 for Begg & Mazumdar test). In addition, regarding CFT levels, the overall mean difference was –117.22 (95% CI: –136.70 to –97.74), while for patients with ILM peeling was –121.08 (95% CI: –151.12 to –91.03) and for patients without ILM peeling was –105.34 (95% CI: –119.47 to –96.21; Figure 3). Low to high heterogeneity between studies was found (I² = 76.3% for all patients, I² = 82.8% for patients with ILM peeling and I² = 2.4% for patients without ILM peeling). There was publication bias (p = 0.001 for Egger test and p = 0.003 for Begg & Mazumdar test).

Figure 2.

Results for preoperative–postoperative BCVA.

Figure 3.

Results for preoperative-postoperative CFT.

The risk of bias assessment was performed according to Newcastle Ottawa scale for non-randomized controlled trials (Table 3). For randomized controlled trials, we used the Cochrane risk of bias tool (Table 4).

Table 3.

Risk of bias – Newcastle Ottawa Scale.

Study	Selection				Comparability	Exposure			Total NOS star rating
	Adequate definition of case	Representativeness of cases	Selection of controls	Definition of controls	Comparability of cases and controls	Ascertainment of exposure	Same method of ascertainment for cases and controls	Non-response rate	Total NOS star rating
Lim and colleagues¹⁶	*	*				*		*	4/9
Obata and colleagues¹⁷	*	*	*	*	**	*	*	*	9/9
Deltour and colleagues¹⁸	*	*				*		*	4/9
Shimada and colleagues¹⁹	*	*				*		*	4/9
Kwok and colleagues²⁰	*	*	*	*	**	*	*	*	9/9
Mayer and colleagues²¹	*	*				*		*	4/9
Tari and colleagues²²	*	*				*		*	4/9
Pournaras and colleagues²³	*	*	*	*	**	*	*	*	9/9
Lee and colleagues²⁵	*	*	*	*	**	*	*	*	9/9
Ahn and colleagues²⁶	*	*	*	*	**	*	*	*	9/9
Machado and colleagues²⁷	*	*				*		*	4/9
Kumar and colleagues³⁰	*	*				*		*	4/9
Manousaridis and colleagues³¹	*	*				*		*	4/9

NOS: Newcastle Ottawa Scale

A study can be given a maximum of one star for each numbered item within the Selection and Outcome categories.

A maximum of two stars can be given for Comparability.

Table 4.

Cochrane Risk of Bias.

Study	Random sequence generation	Allocation concealment	Blinding of participants and personnel	Blinding of outcome assessment	Incomplete outcome data	Selective reporting	Other bias
Ripandelli and colleagues²⁴	+	+	−	?	+	+	+
Tranos and colleagues²⁸	+	+	−	+	+	+	+
De Novelli and colleagues²⁹	+	+	−	?	+	+	+

: low risk of bias; –: high risk of bias, ?: unclear risk of bias.

Discussion

The ILM peeling for ERM removal is still a debate among vitreoretinal surgeons. However, the fact that ILM patches are peeled along the ERM peeling is proved through histopathology. The rationale for the ILM peeling is that it serves as a scaffold for cell proliferation and that it may bring remains of the ERM. Many studies have shown the superiority of ILM peeling in terms of recurrence rates.^26,34–36 On the contrary, the removal of ILM affects the retinal cells, as it consists of Müller cell footplates. Studies have shown anatomical and functional alterations because of that however without affecting the final visual outcome of the intervention.^24,37

So far, the meta-analyses published^38–41 include studies that were carried out using ICG. Taking into account the proven toxicity of this dye, we considered conducting a meta-analysis including only either studies that did not use ICG at all, or parts of studies in case the authors discriminated groups using this dye or not.

The purpose of this article was to investigate the effect of the removal of ILM in the surgical treatment of ERMs regarding the anatomical and functional results. The technique of ILM removal is not new; however, through the years, there have been several dyes used to assist the peeling. ICG dye has been used widely in the past in order to stain ILM. However, its use has been dropped due to its toxic effects for the retina.^42,43 Toxicity is attributed to ICG’s direct biochemical effects causing inner retinal cell defects and apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, through alterations in protein expression.⁴⁴ It is concentration and exposure time dependent.^45,46 ICG can also enhance light toxicity.⁴⁷

Brilliant blue is found to have great affinity with ILM⁴⁸ and is safer to use in comparison with ICG.^49,50 When compared to triamcinolone for ILM peeling in cases of idiopathic macular holes, brilliant blue was found to be an effective alternative with good or even better anatomical and functional results.^51,52 It is also superior for the visualization of the vitreomacular interface.⁵²

Pars plana vitrectomy with ILM peeling is a broadly performed surgical intervention for posterior pole pathologies.⁵³ Nevertheless, the peeling of the ILM results in changes of the nerve fiber layer (RNFL) due to exerted mechanical forces. The early changes consist of swelling of the arcuate nerve fiber (SANFL).⁵⁴ It is described as hypofluorescent arcuate striae in infrared and autofluorescence imaging that corresponds to hyper-reflection on spectral domain OCT.⁵⁵ SANFL is suspected to be initiated at the point of forceps grasping rather than the ILM peeling traumatizing Müller cells’ footplates. Moreover, it resolves after a period of 2–3 months without affecting VA.⁵³ After that period, dimples within the inner retina might appear, forming dark arcuate striae. This phenomenon is called dissociated optic nerve fiber layer (DONFL). It has been suggested that the pattern of DONFL is not actually damage, but it occurs from the irregular distribution of Muller cells which is denser among nerve fiber buntles.⁵⁶ Despite these changes, DONFL is found not to affect VA.^57,58 On the other hand, ERM removal with ILM peel, inspite of the visual gain may result in subtle multifocal ERG abnormalities detectable in 12 months after surgery.¹⁶ Regarding glaucoma patients, vitrectomy for ERM removal with ILM peeling is in general a safe procedure. Transient changes in temporal nerve fiber layer thickness do not affect VA,⁵⁹ and visual fields do not deteriorate after vitrectomy for ERM with ILM peeling.⁶⁰

An important limitation, concerns the fact that there are only few studies with histopathologic analysis for determining the extent of simultaneous ILM peel during ERM peeling. Also, it is unclear whether surgeons checked for positive ILM staining after the ERM removal. Brilliant blue facilitates the identification of residual ILM with double staining.¹⁹ It has been shown that in the majority of cases, ILM parts are removed along with the ERM.⁶¹ Histopathologic analysis confirms the use of dyes for the identification of ILM as a reliable method.⁶²

Regarding risk of bias non-randomized controlled trials were assessed for selection, comparability, and exposure, whereas randomized controlled trials were assessed for random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, and selective reporting. The main weakness of our study is that only three of the studies included were randomized control trials. Investigators either applied one of the mentioned techniques or due to the use of ICG-assisted ILM peeling, one of the groups of patients was excluded. More randomized controlled studies are needed in order to get more safe results after comparing the two methods.

Conclusion

Both methods are effective in terms of improvement in VA and reduction of macular thickness. More randomized controlled studies are needed in order to compare the two techniques.

Footnotes

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iDs

Eleni Christodoulou

Andreas Katsanos

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Vitrectomy for the removal of idiopathic epiretinal membrane with or without internal limiting membrane peeling: a meta-analysis

Abstract

Purpose:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Search strategy and selection criteria

Data extraction

Statistical analysis and meta-analysis

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

Conflict of interest statement

Funding

ORCID iDs

References