Over the past decade or so, the treatment of patients with psoriasis has been revolutionized by the development of the biological agents, monoclonal antibodies that target specific aspects of the inflammatory cascades. The biologic agents approved by the Food and Drug Administration for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis include adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, ustekinumab, and secukinumab. The advantages of these agents are numerous: they are dosed less frequently than previously used systemic agents, they have a more favorable safety profile, and they have incredible efficacy, even in patients resistant to standard treatment. There are abundant reports of off-label uses of these drugs for other dermatological conditions and inflammatory dermatoses. This review highlights the ability of the biologic agents to treat a wide spectrum of dermatologic diseases.
BoothA.HarperL.HammadT.Prospective study of TNFalpha blockade with infliximab in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated systemic vasculitis.J Am Soc Nephrol.2004; 15(3): 717–21.
2.
DonmezS.PamukO.N.GedikM.A.K.R.BulutG.. A case of granulomatosis with polyangiitis and pyoderma gangrenosum successfully treated with infliximab and rituximab.Int J Rheum Dis.2014; 17(4): 471–5.
3.
EleftheriouD.MeloM.MarksS.D.Biologic therapy in primary systemic vasculitis of the young.Rheumatology (Oxford),2009; 48(8): 978–86.
Vega GutierrezJ.Rodriguez PrietoM.A.Garcia RuizJ.M.. Successful treatment of childhood cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa with infliximab.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.2007; 21(4): 570–1.
6.
de KortS.W.van RossumM.A.ten CateR.. Infliximab in a child with therapy-resistant systemic vasculitis.Clin Rheumatol.2006; 25(5): 769–71.
7.
Campanilho-MarquesR.RamosF.CanhãoH.FonsecaJ.E.. Remission induced by infliximab in a childhood polyarteritis nodosa refractory to conventional immunosuppression and rituximab.Joint Bone Spine.2014; 81(3): 277–8.
8.
EleftheriouD.MeloM.MarksS.D.Biologic therapy in primary systemic vasculitis of the young.Rheumatology.2009; 48: 978–86.
9.
FeinsteinJ.ArroyoR.. Successful treatment of childhood onset refractory polyarteritis nodosa with tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade.J Clin Rheumatol.2005; 11: 219–22.
10.
ZoshimaT.MatsumuraM.SuzukiY.A case of refractory cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa in a patient with hepatitis B carrier status successfully treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade.Mod Rheumatol.2013 Sep; 23(5): 1029–33.
11.
HoffmanG.S.CidM.C.Rendt-ZagarK.E.Infliximab for maintenance of glucocorticosteroid-induced remission of giant cell arteritis: a randomized trial.Ann Intern Med.2007; 146(9): 621–30.
12.
StoneJ.H.UhlfelderM.L.HellmannD.B.CrookS.BedocsN.M.HoffmanG.S.. Etanercept combined with conventional treatment in Wegener's granulomatosis: a six-month open label trial to evaluate safety.Arthritis Rheum.2001; 44: 1149–54.
13.
Wegener's granulomatosis Etanercept Trial (WGET) Research Group. Etanercept plus standard therapy for Wegener's granulomatosis.N Engl J Med.2005; 352: 351–61.
14.
de MenthonM.CohenP.PagnouxC.Infliximab or rituximab for refractory Wegener's granulomatosis: long-term follow up. A prospective randomised multicentre study on 17 patients.Clin Exp Rheumatol.2011; 29(1 Suppl 64): S63–71.
15.
KontkanenM.PaimelaL.KaarnirantaK.. Regression of necrotizing scleritis in Wegener's granulomatosis after infliximab treatment.Acta Ophthalmol.2010; 88(3): e96–7.
16.
MorarjiJ.JoshiL.Tomkins-NetzerO.LightmanS.TaylorS.R.. Combined infliximab and rituximab in necrotising scleritis.Case Rep Ophthalmol.2012; 3(3): 286–90.
17.
SvozílkováP.RíhováE.BrichováM.DiblíkP.KuthanP.PochT.. [Infliximab in the treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis: case report].Cesk Slov Oftalmol.2006; 62(4): 280–6.
18.
LamprechtP.ArbachO.VoswinkelJ.[Induction of remission with infliximab in therapy-refractory Wegener's granulomatosis - Follow-up of six patients].Dtsch Med Wochenschr.2002; 127(37): 1876–80.
19.
LamprechtP.VoswinkelJ.LilienthalT.Effectiveness of TNF-alpha blockade with infliximab in refractory Wegener's granulomatosis.Rheumatology (Oxford),2002; 41(11): 1303–7.
20.
WilkinsonN.M.ErendzhinovaE.ZeftA.CabralD.A.. Infliximab as rescue therapy in three cases of paediatric Wegener's granulomatosis.Rheumatology (Oxford),2006; 45(8): 1047–8.
21.
Ortiz-SierraM.C.EcheverriA.F.TobónG.J.CañasC.A.. Developing of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis during Etanercept Therapy.Case Rep Rheumatol.2014; 2014: 210108.
22.
MelikogluM.FreskoI.MatC.Short-term trial of etanercept in Behcet's disease: a double blind, placebo controlled study.J Rheumatol.2005; 32: 98–105.
23.
BroshtilovaV.IlievE.GantchevaM.. Etanercept-induced Wegener granulomatosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.Dermatol Ther.2013 Jan-Feb; 26(1): 73–6.
24.
SommerA.AltmeyerP.KreuterA.. A case of mucocutaneous Behcet's disease responding to etanercept.J Am Acad Dermatol.2005; 52: 717–9.
25.
MushtaqB.SaeedT.SitunayakeR.D.MurrayP.I.. Adalimumab for sight-threatening uveitis in Behçet disease.Eye.2007; 21: 824–5.
26.
SharmaP.K.MarkovG.T.BajwaA.FosterC.S.. Long-Term Efficacy of Systemic Infliximab In Recalcitrant Retinal Vasculitis.Retina.2015; 35(12): 2641–6.
27.
KanemaruH.MakinoT.JinninM.YonemitsuA.MakinoK.IhnH.. Case of neuro-Behcet's disease successfully maintained a remission using infliximab for 2 years.J Dermatol.2013; 40(8): 632–4.
28.
KeinoH.OkadaA.A.WatanabeT.TakiW.. Long-term efficacy of infliximab on background vascular leakage in patients with Behcet's disease.Eye (Lond).2014; 28(9): 1100–6.
29.
KurataI.TsuboiH.TakahashiH.Successful Treatment with Infliximab for Refractory Uveitis in a Hemodialysis Patient with Behcet's Disease and a Review of the Literature for Infliximab Use in Patients on Hemodialysis.Intern Med.2015; 54(12): 1553–7.
30.
HandaT.TsunekawaH.YonedaM.Long-term remission of ocular and extraocular manifestations in Behcet's disease using infliximab.Clin Exp Rheumatol.2011; 29(4 Suppl 67): S58–63.
31.
ChanW.P.LeeH.S.. Combination therapy with infliximab and methotrexate in recalcitrant mucocutaneous Behcet disease.Cutis.2012. 89(4): 185–90.
32.
TognonS.GrazianiG.MarcolongoR.. Anti-TNF-alpha therapy in seven patients with Behcet's uveitis: advantages and controversial aspects.Ann N Y Acad Sci.2007; 1110: 474–84.
33.
BaerveldtE.M.KappenJ.H.ThioH.B.Van LaarJ.A.M.Martin Van HagenP.PrensE.P.. Successful long-term triple disease control by ustekinumab in a patient with Behçet's disease, psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa.Ann Rheum Dis.2013; 72(4): 626–627.
34.
JacobiA.AntoniC.MangerB.SchulerG.HertlM.. Infliximab in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis.J Am Acad Dermatol.2005; 52: 522–526.
35.
RullanP.MuraseJ.. Two cases of chronic atopic dermatitis treated with soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor therapy.J Drugs Dermatol.2009; 8: 873–876.
36.
BukaR.L.ReshB.RobertsB.CunninghamB.B.FriedlanderS.. Etanercept is minimally effective in 2 children with atopic dermatitis.J Am Acad Dermatol.2005; 53: 358–359.
37.
Agusti-MejiasA.MesseguerF.GarcíaR.FebrerI.. Severe refractory atopic dermatitis in an adolescent patient successfully treated with ustekinumab.Ann Dermatol.2013 Aug; 25(3): 368–70.
38.
PuyaR.Alvarez-LópezM.VelezA.Casas AsuncionE.MorenoJ.C.. Treatment of severe refractory adult atopic dermatitis with ustekinumab.Int J Dermatol.2012 Jan; 51(1): 115–6.
39.
SamoranoL.P.HanifinJ.M.SimpsonE.L.LeshemY.A.. Inadequate response to ustekinumab in atopic dermatitis – a report of two patients.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.2016 Mar; 30(3): 522–3.
40.
Lis-ŚwiętyA.Skrzypek-SalamonA.ArasiewiczH.Brzezińska-WcisłoL.. Atopic dermatitis exacerbated with ustekinumab in a psoriatic patient with childhood history of atopy.Allergol Int.2015 Oct; 64(4): 382–3.
41.
OgdenS.ClaytonT.H.GoodfieldM.J.. Recalcitrant hand pompholyx: variable response to etanercept.Clin Exp Dermatol.2006; 31: 145–6.
42.
CusackC.BuckleyC.. Etanercept: effective in the management of hidradenitis suppurativa.Br J Dermatol.2006 Apr; 154(4): 726–9.
43.
Giamarellos-BourboulisE.J.PelekanouE.AntonopoulouA.An open-label phase II study of the safety and efficacy of etanercept for the therapy of hidradenitis suppurativa.Br J Dermatol.2008 Mar; 158(3): 567–72.
44.
AdamsD.R.YankuraJ.A.FogelbergA.C.AndersonB.E.. Treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with etanercept injection.Arch Dermatol.2010 May; 146(5): 501–4.
45.
KimballA.B.KerdelF.AdamsD.Adalimumab for the treatment of moderate to severe Hidradenitis suppurativa: a parallel randomized trial.Ann Intern Med.2012 Dec 18;157(12): 846–55.
46.
GrantA.GonzalezT.MontgomeryM.O.CardenasV.KerdelF.A.. Infliximab therapy for patients with moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial.J Am Acad Dermatol.2010; 62(2): 205–17.
47.
GulliverW.P.JemecG.B.BakerK.A.. Experience with ustekinumab for the treatment of moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.2012 Jul; 26(7): 911–4.
48.
SharonV.R.GarciaM.S.BagheriS.GoodarziH.YangC.OnoY.. Management of recalcitrant hidradenitis suppurativa with ustekinumab.Acta Derm Venereol.2012 May; 92(3): 320–1.
49.
BaerveldtE.M.KappenJ.H.ThioH.B.van LaarJ.A.van HagenP.M.PrensE.P.. Successful long-term triple disease control by ustekinumab in a patient with Behcet's disease, psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa.Ann Rheum Dis.2013 Apr; 72(4): 626–7.
50.
GulliverW.P.JemecG.B.BakerK.A.. Experience with ustekinumab for the treatment of moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.2012 Jul; 26(7): 911–4.
51.
DrosouA.KirsnerR.S.WelshE.Use of infliximab, an anti-tumor necrosis alpha antibody, for inflammatory dermatoses.J Cutan Med Surg.2003; 7: 382–6.
52.
BarthD.HarthW.TreudlerR.SimonJ.C.. Successful treatment of pityriasis rubra pilaris (type 1) under combination of infliximab and methotrexate.J Dtsch Dermatol Ges.2009; 7: 1071–3.
53.
RuzzettiM.SaracenoR.CarboniI.Type III juvenile pityriasis rubra pilaris: a successful treatment with infliximab.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.2008; 22: 117–18.
54.
LuR.GeorgeS.J.HsuS.. Pityriasis rubra pilaris: failure of combination treatment with acitretin and infliximab.Dermatol Online J.2006; 12(4): 18.
55.
DavisK.F.WuJ.J.MuraseJ.E.Clinical improvement of pityriasis rubra pilaris with combination etanercept and acitretin therapy.Arch Dermatol.2007; 143: 1597–9.
56.
SeckinD.TulaE.ErgunT.. Successful use of etanercept in type I pityriasis rubra pilaris.Br J Dermatol.2008; 158: 642–4.
57.
CoxV.LeseskyE.B.GarciaB.D.O'GradyT.C.. Treatment of juvenile pityriasis rubra pilaris with etanercept.J Am Acad Dermatol.2008; 59(5 Suppl): S113–14.
ChowdharyM.DavilaU.CohenD.J.. Ustekinumab as an alternative treatment option for chronic pityriasis rubra pilaris.Case Rep Dermatol.2015 Mar 17;7(1): 46–50.
60.
ByekovaY.SamiN.. Successful response of refractory type I adult-onset pityriasis rubra pilaris with ustekinumab and acitretin combination therapy.J Dermatol.2015 Aug; 42(8): 830–1.
61.
LerniaV.D.FicarelliE.ZanelliM.. Ineffectiveness of tumor necrosis factor- α blockers and ustekinumab in a case of type IV pityriasis rubra pilaris.Indian Dermatol Online J.2015 May-Jun; 6(3): 207–9.
IrlaN.SchneiterT.HanekeE.YawalkarN.. Nail Lichen Planus: Successful Treatment with Etanercept.Case Rep Dermatol.2010 Oct 21;2(3): 173–176.
64.
BattistellaM.RivetJ.BachelezH.LioteF.. Lichen planus associated with etanercept.Br J Dermatol.2008; 158: 188–190.
65.
HollóP.SzakonyiJ.KissD.JokaiH.HorváthA.KárpátiS.. Successful treatment of lichen planus with adalimumab.Acta Derm Venereol.2012 Jul; 92(4): 385–6.
66.
ChaoT.J.. Adalimumab in the management of cutaneous and oral lichen planus.Cutis.2009 Dec; 84(6): 325–8.
67.
AsarchA.GottliebA.B.LeeJ.Lichen planus-like eruptions: an emerging side effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists.J Am Acad Dermatol.2009 Jul; 61(1): 104–11.
68.
AndradeP.LopesS.AlbuquerqueA.OsórioF.PardalJ.MacedoG.. Oral Lichen Planus in IBD Patients: A Paradoxical Adverse Effect of Anti-TNF-α Therapy.Dig Dis Sci.2015 Sep; 60(9): 2746–9.
69.
WorsnopF.WeeJ.NatkunarajahJ.MoosaY.MarsdenR.. Reaction to biological drugs: infliximab for the treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis subsequently triggering erosive lichen planus.Clin Exp Dermatol.2012 Dec; 37(8): 879–81.
70.
ParkJ.H.LeeH.J.KimS.R.Etanercept for steroid-refractory acute graft versus host disease following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Korean J Intern Med.2014 Sep; 29(5): 630–6.
71.
AndolinaM.RabusinM.MaximovaN.Di LeoG.. Etanercept in graft-versus-host disease.Bone Marrow Transplant.2000; 26: 929.
72.
BuscaA.LocatelliF.MarmontF.CerettoC.FaldaM.. Recombinant human soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor fusion protein as treatment for steroid refractory graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Am J Hematol.2007; 82: 45–52.
73.
YamaneT.YamamuraR.AoyamaY.Infliximab for the treatment of severe steroid refractory acute graft-versus-host disease in three patients after allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation.Leuk Lymphoma.2003; 44(12): 2095–7.
JacobsohnD.A.HallickJ.AndersV.McMillanS.MorrisL.VogelsangG.B.. Infliximab for steroid-refractory acute GVHD: a case series.Am J Hematol.2003; 74(2): 119–24.
76.
CourielD.R.SalibaR.de LimaM.A phase III study of infliximab and corticosteroids for the initial treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease.Biol Blood Marrow Transplant.2009; 15(12): 1555–62.
77.
HamadaniM.HofmeisterC.C.JansakB.Addition of infliximab to standard acute graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis following allogeneic peripheral blood cell transplantation.Biol Blood Marrow Transplant.2008; 14(7): 783–9.
78.
NadeauM.PerreaultS.SeropianS.FossF.IsufiI.CooperD.L.. The use of basiliximab-infliximab combination for the treatment of severe gastrointestinal acute GvHD.Bone Marrow Transplant.2016 Feb; 51(2): 273–6.
79.
RagerA.FreyN.GoldsteinS.C.Inflammatory cytokine inhibition with combination daclizumab and infliximab for steroid-refractory acute GVHD.Bone Marrow Transplant.2011; 46(3): 430–5.
80.
RaoK.RaoA.KarlssonH.JaganiM.VeysP.AmroliaP.J.. Improved survival and preserved antiviral responses after combination therapy with daclizumab and infliximab in steroid-refractory graft-versus-host disease.J Pediatr Hematol Oncol.2009; 31(6): 456–61.
81.
RodriguezV.AndersonP.M.TrotzB.A.ArndtC.A.AllenJ.A.KhanS.P.. Use of infliximab-daclizumab combination for the treatment of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease of the liver and gut.Pediatr Blood Cancer.2007; 49(2): 212–5.
82.
YangJ.CheukD.K.HaS.Y.Infliximab for steroid refractory or dependent gastrointestinal acute graft-versus-host disease in children after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Pediatr Transplant.2012; 16(7): 771–8.
83.
MinniJ.SarroR.. A novel therapeutic approach to erythema annulare centrifugum.J Am Acad Dermatol.2006; 54(3 Suppl 2): S134–5.
84.
ChouW.T.TsaiT.F.. Recurrent erythema annulare centrifugum during ustekinumab treatment in a psoriatic patient.Acta Derm Venereol.2013 Mar 27;93(2): 208–9.
85.
ParadisiA.AbeniD.BergamoF.RicciF.DidonaD.DidonaB.. Etanercept therapy for toxic epidermal necrolysis.J Am Acad Dermatol.2014 Aug; 71(2): 278–83.
86.
PaquetP.JennesS.RousseauA.F.LibonF.DelvenneP.PiérardG.E.. Effect of N-acetylcysteine combined with infliximab on toxic epidermal necrolysis. A proof-of-concept study.Burns.2014; 40(8): 1707–12.
87.
WorsnopF.WeeJ.NatkunarajahJ.MoosaY.MarsdenR.. Reaction to biological drugs: infliximab for the treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis subsequently triggering erosive lichen planus.Clin Exp Dermatol.2012; 37(8): 879–81.
GaitanisG.SpyridonosP.PatmanidisK.Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis with the combination of infliximab and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin.Dermatology.2012; 224(2): 134–9.
PatmanidisK.SidirasA.DolianitisK.Combination of infliximab and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin for toxic epidermal necrolysis: successful treatment of an elderly patient.Case Rep Dermatol Med.2012. 2012: 915314.
92.
KohM.J.TayY.K.. An update on Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in children.Curr Opin Pediatr.2009; 21(4): 505–10.
93.
Scott-LangV.TidmanM.McKayD.. Toxic epidermal necrolysis in a child successfully treated with infliximab.Pediatr Dermatol.2014; 31(4): 532–4.
94.
CampioneE.MazzottaA.M.BianchiL.ChimentiS.. Severe acne successfully treated with etanercept.Acta Derm Venereol.2006; 86: 256–7.
95.
CortisE.De BenedettiF.InsalacoA.Abnormal production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and clinical efficacy of the TNF inhibitor etanercept in a patient with PAPA syndrome [corrected].J Pediatr.2004; 145: 851–5.
WagnerA.D.AndresenJ.JendroM.C.HulsemannJ.L.ZeidlerH.. Sustained response to tumor necrosis factor alpha-blocking agents in two patients with SAPHO syndrome.Arthritis Rheum.2002; 46: 1965–8.
98.
SuY.S.ChangC.H.. SAPHO syndrome associated with acne conglobata successfully treated with etanercept.J Formos Med Assoc.2015 Jun; 114(6): 562–4.
99.
WolberC.David-JelinekK.UdvardiA.ArtackerG.Volc-PlatzerB.KurzH.. [Successful therapy of sacroiliitis in SAPHO syndrome by etanercept].Wien Med Wochenschr.2011 Apr; 161(7-8): 204–8.
100.
YiuZ.Z.MadanV.GriffithsC.E.. Acne conglobata and adalimumab: use of tumour necrosis factor-α antagonists in treatment-resistant acne conglobata, and review of the literature.Clin Exp Dermatol.2015 Jun; 40(4): 383–6.
101.
LeeH.ParkS.H.KimS.K.ChoeJ.Y.ParkJ.S.. Pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne syndrome (PAPA syndrome) with E250K mutation in CD2BP1 gene treated with the tumor necrosis factor inhibitor adalimumab.Clin Exp Rheumatol.2012 May-Jun; 30(3): 452.
102.
GarcovichS.AmeliaR.MagarelliN.ValenzaV.AmerioP.. Long-term treatment of severe SAPHO syndrome with adalimumab: case report and a review of the literature.Am J Clin Dermatol.2012 Feb 1;13(1): 55–9.
103.
MurphyB.MorrisonG.PodmoreP.. Successful use of adalimumab to treat pyoderma gangrenosum, acne and suppurative hidradenitis (PASH syndrome) following colectomy in ulcerative colitis.Int J Colorectal Dis.2015 Aug; 30(8): 1139–40.
104.
IqbalM.KolodneyM.S.. Acne fulminans with synovitis-acne-pustulosis-hyperostosis-osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome treated with infliximab.J Am Acad Dermatol.2005; 52(5 Suppl 1): S118–20.
105.
De SouzaA.SolomonG.E.StroberB.E.. SAPHO syndrome associated with hidradenitis suppurativa successfully treated with infliximab and methotrexate.Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis.2011; 69(2): 185–7.
106.
StaubJ.PfannschmidtN.StrohalR.Successful treatment of PASH syndrome with infliximab, cyclosporine and dapsone.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.2015; 29(11): 2243–7.
107.
VahlquistA.HåkanssonL.D.RönnblomL.Recurrent pyoderma gangrenosum and cystic acne associated with leucocyte adhesion deficiency due to novel mutations in ITGB2: successful treatment with infliximab and adalimumab.Acta Derm Venereol.2015; 95(3): 349–51.
108.
ShirakawaM.UramotoK.HaradaF.A.. Treatment of acne conglobata with infliximab.J Am Acad Dermatol.2006; 55(2): 344–6.
109.
StroberB.E.SiuK.AlexisA.F.Etanercept does not effectively treat moderate to severe alopecia areata: an open-label study.J Am Acad Dermatol.2005; 52: 1082–4.
110.
AbramovitsW.LosornioM.. Failure of two TNF-alpha blockers to influence the course of alopecia areata.Skinmed.2006; 5: 177–81.
111.
PostenW.SwanJ.. Recurrence of alopecia areata in a patient receiving etanercept injections.Arch Dermatol.2005; 141: 759–60.
Le BidreE.ChabyG.MartinL.[Alopecia areata during anti-TNF alpha therapy: Nine cases].Ann Dermatol Venereol.2011; 138(4): 285–93.
114.
Ormaechea-PérezN.López-PestañaA.Muñagorri-SantosA.I.MorenoA.J.Tuneu-VallsA.. Alopecia areata in a patient receiving infliximab.Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol.2013; 79(4): 529–31.
115.
AkarsuS.TokF.TekinL.. Concomitant alopecia areata and hypertrichosis after infliximab therapy: rara avis.Acta Reumatol Port.2013; 38(1): 49–50.
116.
RibeiroL.B.RegoJ.C.EstradaB.D.BastosP.R.Piñeiro MaceiraJ.M.SodréC.T.. Alopecia secondary to anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy.An Bras Dermatol.2015; 90(2): 232–5.
117.
DoyleL.A.SperlingL.C.BakshS.Psoriatic alopecia/alopecia areata-like reactions secondary to anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy: a novel cause of noncicatricial alopecia.Am J Dermatopathol.2011; 33(2): 161–6.
118.
BeccastriniE.SquatritoD.EmmiG.FabbriP.EmmiL.. Alopecia areata universalis during off-label treatment with Infliximab in a patient with Behcet disease.Dermatol Online J.2010; 16(9): 15.
119.
OnoS.MiyachiY.ArakawaA.. Hair regrowth following TNF-alpha blockade in coexisting psoriasis vulgaris and alopecia areata.Eur J Dermatol.2013; 23(4): 537.
120.
SandF.L.ThomsenS.F.. Efficacy and safety of TNF-α inhibitors in refractory primary complex aphthosis: a patient series and overview of the literature.J Dermatolog Treat.2013 Dec; 24(6): 444–6.
121.
O'NeillI.D.. Efficacy of tumour necrosis factor-alpha antagonists in aphthous ulceration: review of published individual patient data.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.2012; 26(2): 231–5.
122.
O'NeillI.D.ScullyC.. Biologics in oral medicine: ulcerative disorders.Oral Dis.2013; 19(1): 37–45.
123.
JacobiA.DebusD.SchulerG.HertlM.. Infliximab in a patient with refractory mucosal aphthosis.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.2008; 22(1): 109–10.
124.
O'NeillI.D.. Off-label use of biologicals in the management of inflammatory oral mucosal disease.J Oral Pathol Med.2008; 37(10): 575–81.
125.
HusseinM.A.JuturiJ.V.RybickiL.LuttonS.MurphyB.R.KaramM.A.. Etanercept therapy in patients with advanced primary amyloidosis.Med Oncol.2003; 20(3): 283–90.
126.
NormanR.ChauV.. Use of etanercept in treating pruritus and preventing new lesions in Grover disease.J Am Acad Dermatol.2011 Apr; 64(4): 796–8.
QuerfeldC.GuitartJ.KuzelT.M.RosenS.. Successful treatment of recalcitrant, erythroderma-associated pruritus with etanercept.Arch Dermatol.2004 Dec; 140(12): 1539–40.
129.
BermanB.PatelJ.K.PerezO.A.Evaluating the tolerability and efficacy of etanercept compared to triamcinolone acetonide for the intralesional treatment of keloids.J Drugs Dermatol.2008 Aug; 7(8): 757–61.
130.
StreitM.BeleznayZ.BraathenL.R.. Topical application of the tumour necrosis factor-alpha antibody infliximab improves healing of chronic wounds.Int Wound J.2006; 3(3): 171–9.
131.
MezianeL.CaudronA.DhailleF.Febrile ulceronecrotic Mucha-Habermann disease: treatment with infliximab and intravenous immunoglobulins and review of the literature.Dermatology.2012; 225(4): 344–8.
