Despite garnering new research interest within the past several years, the pathological progression of psoriasis to psoriatic arthritis is still poorly understood. Treatment for the disease, which is most often identified in patients with psoriasis, can be most effective when a patient is diagnosed early. Currently, physicians utilize tools such as questionnaires, conventional radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging to identify these patients. Unfortunately, these tools are not without limitations, and a more specific criterion has yet to be validated. The identification and validation of biomarkers of early psoriatic arthritis and treatment may provide clinicians with a new tool with which to accelerate disease diagnosis and measure treatment efficacy.
GladmanD.D., ThavaneswaranA., ChandranV., CookR.J.Do patients with psoriatic arthritis who present early fare better than those presenting later in the disease? Ann Rheum Dis. Dec2011; 70(12): 2152–2154.
6.
TaylorW., GladmanD., HelliwellP., MarchesoniA., MeaseP., MielantsH.Classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis: development of new criteria from a large international study. Arthritis Rheum. Aug2006; 54(8): 2665–2673.
7.
HusniM.E., MeyerK.H., CohenD.S., ModyE., QureshiA.A.The PASE questionnaire: pilot-testing a psoriatic arthritis screening and evaluation tool. J Am Acad Dermatol. Oct2007; 57(4): 581–587.
8.
DominguezP., HusniM.E., GargA., QureshiA.A.Psoriatic Arthritis Screening and Evaluation (PASE) questionnaire and the role of dermatologists: a report from the GRAPPA 2009 annual meeting. J Rheumatol. Mar 2011; 38(3): 548–550.
9.
TinazziI., AdamiS., ZanolinE.M.The early psoriatic arthritis screening questionnaire: a simple and fast method for the identification of arthritis in patients with psoriasis. Rheumatology (Oxford). Nov2012; 51(11): 2058–2063.
GladmanD.D., SchentagC.T., TomB.D.Development and initial validation of a screening questionnaire for psoriatic arthritis: the Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Screen (ToPAS). Ann Rheum Dis. Apr2009; 68(4): 497–501.
12.
IbrahimG.H., BuchM.H., LawsonC., WaxmanR., HelliwellP.S.Evaluation of an existing screening tool for psoriatic arthritis in people with psoriasis and the development of a new instrument: the Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool (PEST) questionnaire. Clin Exp Rheumatol. May-Jun 2009; 27(3): 469–474.
13.
HelliwellP.S., FitzgeraldO., StrandC.V., MeaseP.J.Composite Measures in Psoriatic Arthritis: a report from the GRAPPA 2009 annual meeting. J Rheumatol. Mar 2011; 38(3): 540–545.
14.
AleniusG.M., StenbergB., StenlundH., LundbladM., DahlqvistS.R.Inflammatory joint manifestations are prevalent in psoriasis: prevalence study of joint and axial involvement in psoriatic patients, and evaluation of a psoriatic and arthritic questionnaire. J Rheumatol. Dec2002; 29(12): 2577–2582.
15.
GuilleminF., SarauxA., FardelloneP., GuggenbuhlP., BehierJ.M., CosteJ.Detection of cases of inflammatory rheumatic disorders: performance of a telephone questionnaire designed for use by patient interviewers. Ann Rheum Dis. Oct 2003; 62(10): 957–963.
16.
CoatesL.C., AslamT., Al BalushiF.Comparison of three screening tools to detect psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis (CONTEST study). Br J Dermatol. Apr 2013; 168(4): 802–807.
17.
HaroonM., KirbyB., FitzgeraldO.High prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in patients with severe psoriasis with suboptimal performance of screening questionnaires. Ann Rheum Dis. May 2013; 72(5): 736–740.
18.
OryP.A., GladmanD.D., MeaseP.J.Psoriatic arthritis and imaging. Ann Rheum Dis. Mar 2005; 64 Suppl 2: ii55–57.
19.
SankowskiA.J., LebkowskaU.M., CwiklaJ., WaleckaI., WaleckiJ.The comparison of efficacy of different imaging techniques (conventional radiography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance) in assessment of wrist joints and metacarpophalangeal joints in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Pol J Radiol. Jan 2013; 78(1): 18–29.
20.
CoatesL.C., AndersonR.R., FitzgeraldO.Clues to the pathogenesis of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis from imaging: a literature review. J Rheumatol. Jul 2008; 35(7): 1438–1442.
21.
SankowskiA.J., LebkowskaU.M., CwiklaJ., WaleckaI., WaleckiJ.Psoriatic arthritis. Pol J Radiol. Jan 2013; 78(1): 7–17.
22.
GrassiW., GutierrezM.Psoriatic arthritis: need for ultrasound in everyday clinical practice. J Rheumatol. Supplement. Jul 2012; 89: 39–43.
23.
CoatesL.C., HodgsonR., ConaghanP.G., FreestonJ.E.MRI and ultrasonography for diagnosis and monitoring of psoriatic arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. Dec 2012; 26(6): 805–822.
24.
WiellC., SzkudlarekM., HasselquistM.Ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, radiography, and clinical assessment of inflammatory and destructive changes in fingers and toes of patients with psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther.2007; 9(6): R119.
25.
FredianiB., FalsettiP., StorriL.Quadricepital tendon enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: ultrasound examinations and clinical correlations. J Rheumatol. Nov 2001; 28(11): 2566–2568.
26.
FredianiB., FalsettiP., StorriL.Ultrasound and clinical evaluation of quadricipital tendon enthesitis in patients with psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. Aug 2002; 21(4): 294–298.
27.
ScarpaR., CuocoloA., PelusoR.Early psoriatic arthritis: the clinical spectrum. J Rheumatol. Jan 2008; 35(1): 137–141.
28.
GutierrezM., FilippucciE., De AngelisR.Subclinical entheseal involvement in patients with psoriasis: an ultrasound study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. Apr 2011; 40(5): 407–412.
29.
SosciaE., ScarpaR., CimminoM.A.Magnetic resonance imaging of nail unit in psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. Supplement. Aug 2009; 83: 42–45.
30.
EjbjergB.J., NarvestadE., JacobsenS., ThomsenH.S., OstergaardM.Optimised, low cost, low field dedicated extremity MRI is highly specific and sensitive for synovitis and bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis wrist and finger joints: comparison with conventional high field MRI and radiography. Ann Rheum Dis. Sep 2005; 64(9): 1280–1287.
31.
ScarpaR.Diagnostic reliability of low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the study of nail and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint in psoriatic athritis (PsA). Rheumatology (Oxford).2007; 46(suppl 1): i50.
32.
CoatesL.C., McGonagleD.M., HodgsonR.Imaging in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: GRAPPA 2008. J Rheumatol. Feb 2010; 37(2): 448–452.
33.
LangleyR.G., KruegerG.G., GriffithsC.E.Psoriasis: epidemiology, clinical features, and quality of life. Ann Rheum Dis. Mar 2005; 64 Suppl 2: ii18–23; discussion ii24–15.
34.
ChandranV., CookR.J., EdwinJ.Soluble biomarkers differentiate patients with psoriatic arthritis from those with psoriasis without arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). Jul 2010; 49(7): 1399–1405.
35.
RadtkeM.A., ReichK., BlomeC., RustenbachS., AugustinM.Prevalence and clinical features of psoriatic arthritis and joint complaints in 2009 patients with psoriasis: results of a German national survey. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. JEADV. Jun 2009; 23(6): 683–691.
36.
ChandranV.Soluble biomarkers may differentiate psoriasis from psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. Supplement. Jul 2012; 89: 65–66.
37.
ChandranV., GladmanD.D.Update on biomarkers in psoriatic arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. Aug 2010; 12(4): 288–294.
38.
LeonardiC., PowersJ., MathesonR.Etanercept as monotherapy in patients with psoriasis. N Engl J Med.2003; 349: 2014–2022.
39.
RibbensC., MyPM., FranchimontN.Increased matrix metalloproteinase-3 serum levels in rheumatic diseases; relationship with synovitis and steroid treatment. Ann Rheum Dis.2002; 61: 161–166.
40.
ChenC.H., LinK.C., YuD.T.Serum matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in ankylosing spondylitis: MMP-3 is a reproducibly sensitive and specific biomarker of disease activity. Rheumatology (Oxford). Apr 2006; 45(4): 414–420.
41.
LloydP., RyanC., MenterA.Psoriatic arthritis: an update. Arthritis.2012; 2012: 176298.
42.
Abdel-HamidM.F., AlyD.G., SaadN.E., EmamH.M., AyoubD.F.Serum levels of interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and gamma-interferon in Egyptian psoriatic patients and correlation with disease severity. J Dermatol. May 2011; 38(5): 442–446.
43.
GisondiP., LoraV., BonauguriC., RussoA., LippiG., GirolomoniG.Serum chemerin is increased in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and normalizes following treatment with infliximab. Br J Dermatol. Apr 2013; 168(4): 749–755.
44.
EderL., JayakarJ., PollockR.Serum adipokines in patients with psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis alone and their correlation with disease activity. Ann Rheum Dis. Dec 14 2012.
45.
WagnerC.L., VisvanathanS., ElashoffM.Markers of inflammation and bone remodelling associated with improvement in clinical response measures in psoriatic arthritis patients treated with golimumab. Ann Rheum Dis. Jan 2013; 72(1): 83–88.
46.
JensenP., WiellC., MiltingK.Plasma YKL-40: a potential biomarker for psoriatic arthritis?J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol: JEADV. May 23, 2012.
47.
ChandranV., GladmanD.D.Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Screening (ToPAS) questionnaire: a report from the GRAPPA 2009 annual meeting. J Rheumatol. Mar 2011; 38(3): 546–547.
