First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis

Abstract

Background:

First metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint arthrodesis can be fixed using either a dorsal plate or crossed screws. However, there is considerable difference in the cost of these implants, and it is not known if there is sufficient difference in outcome that might justify this cost difference. Our aim was to compare the functional results and patient satisfaction rates after first MTP joint arthrodesis in a group of patients using the same surgical technique except for the fixation devices.

Methods:

A prospective cohort of 27 patients who underwent first MTP joint fusion by the same surgeon using 2 crossed screws or a single screw with a dorsal plate was recruited over a 3-year period. Demographic information, patient satisfaction rates, complications, and union rates were evaluated. American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) and visual analog scale (VAS) scoring systems were used pre- and postoperatively to compare the functional outcomes. Thirty consecutive procedures (screws, n = 15; plate, n = 15) were performed. Age (55.8 ± 11.1 vs 63.3 ± 12.4 years for screws and plate respectively; P = .091) and female gender percentages (80% and 73%, P = .666) were similar between groups.

Results:

The overall union rate was 93% with no differences between groups. AOFAS and VAS scores improved significantly postoperatively for each technique, and no differences were found between the two in the improvement in AOFAS (42.4 ± 8.0 vs 44.3 ± 8.2, screws and plate respectively; P = .520) and VAS scores (66.0 ± 5.4 vs 69.0 ± 6.9; P = .195). The implant cost for screws was $40 and for dorsal plate, $328.

Conclusions:

First MTP joint fusion using either screws or plate fixation results in an improvement in AOFAS and VAS scores. Functional improvement and patient satisfaction did not differ between the 2 techniques, despite a considerable difference in cost between the two methods of fixation.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, prospective comparative study.

Keywords

first MTP arthrodesis fixation technique cost effectiveness

Introduction

The efficacy and predictability of first MTP joint arthrodesis has been established with high patient satisfaction in addition to reliable pain relief, lasting correction of the deformity, and ability to resume most activities of daily living.^5,8,11,14 For internal fixation, a stable construct is necessary and several methods have been advocated: lag screw, dorsal plate,^4,5 wire loop,^7,27 Kirschner wire (K-wire),^7,9,23 cat gut suture,²⁴ Steinmann pin fixation, staples,¹⁵ and an external fixator.³ Among these, the use of a compression lag screw with a dorsal neutralization plate is the most biomechanically stable construct.²⁰ Nonetheless, the use of 2 crossed screws, a combination of screw and K-wire, or bone clamps for concentric arthritis of the MTP joint and good bone quality have been shown to be successful techniques and significantly less expensive.^17,26

A central concern in medicine is to maintain quality while minimizing cost. The purpose of our study was to compare the functional results and patient satisfaction rates after first MTP joint fusion done at a single institution by one surgeon using the same surgical technique with different types of fixation that differ in cost.

Material and Methods

Patients

Our institutional review board approved this study, and patients gave informed consent for participation in the study. A total of 27 patients (30 MTP joints) who had MTP joint arthrodesis performed by a single surgeon at one institution between January 2012 and December 2015 were prospectively enrolled in the study. Patient demographic variables and pathology were recorded (Table 1).

Table 1.

Demographic Data.^a

	Screws	Plate	P
Age, mean ± SD	55.8 ± 11.1	63.3 ± 12.4	.91
Female gender	12 (80)	11 (73)	.666
RA	3 (20)	1 (7)	.283
Smoke tobacco	3 (20)	4 (27)	.666
DM	1 (7)	1 (7)	1.0
Diagnosis			.828
Hallux rigidus	11 (73)	12 (80)
Severe bunion	2 (13)	1 (7)
Hallux varus	2 (13)	2 (13)

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; RA, rheumatoid arthritis.

^aValues are n (%) unless otherwise noted.

Included in the study were patients with first MTP joint arthrodesis with the use of either 2 solid crossed compression steel screws (3.5-mm small fragment screw, DePuy Synthes, Inc, Raynham, MA; $19.91 each) (Figure 1) or a single solid oblique compression steel screw (2.7-mm small fragment screw; DePuy Synthes; $54.40) with a dorsal T shaped 2×3-hole nonlocking steel plate (2.7-mm small fragment plate, DePuy Synthes; $48.48) stabilized with 4 or 5 solid compression steel screws (2.7-mm small fragment screw; DePuy Synthes; $45.03 each) (Figure 2). Patients were alternately assigned to the 2 treatment groups. There was no variation from this protocol at any time during the study.

Figure 1.

(A) Preoperative and (B) 1-year postoperative lateral and anteroposterior radiographs of a first MTP joint fusion performed with 2 crossed screws. MTP, metatarsophalangeal.

Figure 2.

(A) Preoperative and (B) 1-year postoperative lateral and anteroposterior radiographs of a first MTP joint fusion performed with a dorsal plate. MTP, metatarsophalangeal.

Surgery

A dorsal incision was made over the first MTP joint, the extensor hallucis tendon (EHL) was retracted medially and the caspule opened longitudinally. The joint was prepared with spherical reamers and completed with K-wire fenestration into the subchondral bone. The toe was then positioned both clinically and radiologically such that the tip of the toe rested on a flat metal surface and there was 0 to 8 degrees of valgus and 20 to 30 degrees of dorsiflexion at the MTP joint. In none of the patients was simultaneous bilateral surgery performed. Surgical time taken for each procedure was registered, and global surgical costs were calculated, considering that the operation theater (OT) rental cost is $400 per hour at our hospital.

Following surgery, a soft dressing was applied. Patients were kept nonweightbearing for 3 weeks after surgery. At the 3-week postoperative visit, the stiches were removed and the patients were allowed to fully weightbear using a postoperative shoe.^12,17 Patients were followed clinically until radiographic fusion was evident.

Functional Evaluation

All patients were assessed clinically and radiographically by the treating surgeon 1 week, 3 weeks, 2 months, and 6 months after surgery. Symptoms were evaluated preoperatively and at 1 year after surgery using the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score¹³ and the visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain during daily activities. Patient satisfaction rate, complications, and union rates were recorded.

Statistics

Categorical data (sex, rheumatoid arthritis, tobacco smoking, diabetes mellitus, diagnosis of main pathology, complications, willingness to do surgery again, and patient satisfaction) were expressed as the absolute number (%) and continuous variables (age and AOFAS and VAS scores) as mean ± SD.

Pre- and postoperative AOFAS and VAS scores were compared using a paired sample t test. Continuous variables between treatment groups were compared using Student t test. Categorical data were compared using chi-square.

Power analysis considering the mean AOFAS and VAS scores and type I and II errors of 0.05 and 80%, respectively, was performed using the results from our study. A P value of less than .05 was considered statistically significant. Finding a significant difference in functional outcome between the 2 techniques would require 278 patients per group.

Results

The overall union rate was 93%. Two patients (1 in each group) developed nonunion. Both patients were smokers and required revision.

Complications included 2 patients who developed nonunion, 2 patients who required hardware removal (1 in each group), 1 malunion (plate group), 1 dorsal dysesthesia (plate group), and 1 superficial infection (screw group).

No differences were seen between the preoperative VAS (86.7 ± 7.48 vs 88.3 ± 7.7 in the screws and plate groups, respectively; P = .553) and AOFAS (30.9 ± 6.9 vs 32.4 ± 8.8 in the screws and plate groups, respectively; P = .614) scores nor in the postoperative VAS (20.7 ± 9.6 vs 19.3 ± 9.4; P = .704) and AOFAS (73.3 ± 8.3 vs 76.7 ± 6.3; P = .215) scores among the treatment groups. For both treatment groups, the VAS and AOFAS scores improved significantly in the postoperative evaluation compared with the preoperative status (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Preoperative (pre) and postoperative (post) functional evaluation using (A) AOFAS and (B) VAS scores. In black are patients who received screw and in white, patients who received plate treatment. ^* P < .05 pre vs post for screw technique; ^# P < .05 pre vs post for plate technique. AOFAS, American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society; VAS, visual analog scale.

When patients were asked if they would undergo this surgery again, 25 answered positively. The overall satisfaction rate of 93.4% was similar between the 2 groups. Two patients were unsatisfied with the surgery (1 in each treatment arm). One of these patients developed a nonunion (screw group) and the other one required a revision due to malunion (plate group). The change in AOFAS and VAS scores was similar in both groups (Table 2).

Table 2.

Postoperative Evaluation.^a

	Screws (n = 15)	Plate (n = 15)	P
Complications	3 (20)	4 (27)	.690
Will do surgery again	14 (93)	13 (87)	.543
Satisfaction			.931
Unsatisfied	1 (6.7)	1 (6.7)
Moderately satisfied	7 (46.7)	6 (40)
Satisfied	7 (46.7)	8 (53.3)
Change in AOFAS score, mean ± SD	42.4 ± 8.0	44.3 ± 8.2	.520
Change in VAS score, mean ± SD	66.0 ± 5.4	69.0 ± 6.9	.195

Abbreviations: AOFAS, American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society; VAS, visual analog scale.

^aValues are n (%) unless otherwise noted.

Taking into account the cost of each device described previously, we calculated the total cost for each technique. The cost for two 3.5-mm solid crossed compression steel screws is $40. The cost of a construct consisting of a single 2.7-mm solid oblique compression steel screw with a dorsal 2.7-mm T-shaped nonlocking steel plate stabilized with five 2.7-mm solid oblique compression steel screws is $328. Therefore, the use of a dorsal plate is 8 times more expensive than the use of the 2 screws in the other technique. The mean operating time for the crossed screw group was 48 ± 14 minutes vs 58 ± 22 minutes for the plate group (P = .53). The OT cost was $400 per hour. The total cost for the cross screw cohort was $480 ± 40 and for the plate cohort $950 ± 40 (P < .05).

Discussion

The present study compares the functional outcomes of 2 different fixation techniques that differ in their cost. Because comparing the outcomes and costs of all the various types of plates and screws would be burdensome, we focused on the most conventional and commonly used devices in our country.

Our results show that both fixation techniques for the first MTP joint arthrodesis have similar functional results, complication rates, and satisfaction level. Given the already high and rising costs of health care, we should therefore consider using the less expensive technique for the treatment of hallux rigidus with first MTP arthrodesis.

High fusion rates are found regardless of the type of fixation used.^{1,2,6,12,14,16,25} Our fusion rate was 93%, similar to that in various reports.^8,10,22 Therefore, it is difficult to make a recommendation on certain constructs over others based solely on fusion rates.¹⁹ Taking into account the most frequent complications, a review of 2818 feet from 37 studies found a nonunion rate of 5.4%, a malunion rate of 6.1%, and the need for hardware removal in 8.5%.²¹

Similarly, in our study, we found a nonunion rate of 7%, a malunion rate of 3.3%, and a need for hardware removal in 7%. The patient satisfaction rate is reported to range from 73% to 100%.¹⁸ We obtained an overall satisfaction rate of 93.4%.

Considering the cost of surgical supplies, one group²⁶ found that AO screws had the lowest average cost and were the most cost-effective device for the procedure. Other authors¹² compared the cost of crossed-screw constructs with dorsal plating constructs. They found that 2 crossed screws were significantly less expensive than dorsal plating and that, clinically, both systems had similar results. The use of nonlocking semitubular plates and precontoured locking plates for MTP joint arthrodesis have been compared, concluding that precontoured locking plates (which are more expensive) should not be routinely used unless in the presence of inflammatory arthropathy.¹⁷ At our health care system, the cost for 2 cross screws is $40; for a dorsal T plate it is $328. The use of 2 crossed screws is, thus, 88% cheaper.

The plate surgical technique took on average 10 minutes longer than the cross screw technique. Taking into consideration the OT cost ($400/h) and that no surgery exceeded 2 hours, both techniques had the same OT cost, differing only in the implant expenses. It must be said that this is a very simplistic way of accounting for OT costs, which in reality are complex and multivariable in a way that this evaluation does not take into account.

Taking into account our data, the sample size required to show any difference in functional outcome between the 2 techniques is 278 patients per group. The small number of patients in our sample is a limitation of our results. Therefore, it is difficult to make solid comparisons among the variants of surgical techniques for first MTP joint arthrodesis. Future appropriately powered controlled and randomized studies are necessary.¹⁸

Based on our results, we strongly believe that a correct surgical technique and postoperative follow-up is the most important factor to achieve high fusion rates when performing first MTP joint arthrodesis. Using implants 8 times more expensive does not lead to better clinical results.

Conclusions

First MTP joint arthrodesis using either crossed screws or plate fixation results in an improvement in AOFAS and VAS scores. We failed to show a difference in functional outcome between both techniques.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental Material, FAO752674-ICMJE - First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis

Supplemental Material, FAO752674-ICMJE for First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis by Paola Filomeno, and Julio López in Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. ICMJE forms for all authors are available online.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

References

Bennett

Sabetta

. First metatarsalphalangeal joint arthrodesis: evaluation of plate and screw fixation. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30(8):752–757.

Brodsky

Passmore

Pollo

Shabat

. Functional outcome of arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint using parallel screw fixation. Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26(2):140–146.

Calderone

Wertheimer

. First metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis utilizing a mini-Hoffman external fixator. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1993;32(5):517–525.

Coughlin

. Arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with mini-fragment plate fixation. Orthopedics. 1990;13(9):1037–1044.

Coughlin

Grebing

Jones

. Arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint for idiopathic hallux valgus: intermediate results. Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26(10):783–792.

Ellington

Jones

Cohen

Davis

Nickisch

Anderson

. Review of 107 hallux MTP joint arthrodesis using dome-shaped reamers and a stainless-steel dorsal plate. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31(5):385–390.

Fitzgerald

. A review of long-term results of arthrodesis of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1969;51(3):488–493.

Flavin

Stephens

. Arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint using a dorsal titanium contoured plate. Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25(11):783–787.

Gimple

Amspacher

Kopta

. Metatarsophalangeal joint fusion of the great toe. Orthopedics. 1978;1(6):462–467.

10.

Goucher

Coughlin

. Hallux metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis using dome-shaped reamers and dorsal plate fixation: a prospective study. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27(11):869–876.

11.

Hunt

Ellington

Anderson

Cohen

Davis

Jones

. Locked versus nonlocked plate fixation for hallux MTP arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32(7):704–709.

12.

Hyer

Glover

Berlet

Lee

. Cost comparison of crossed screws versus dorsal plate construct for first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2008;47(1):13–18.

13.

Kitaoka

Alexander

Adelaar

Nunley

Myerson

Sanders

. Clinical rating systems for the ankle-hindfoot, midfoot, hallux, and lesser toes. Foot Ankle Int. 1994;15(7):349–353.

14.

Kumar

Pradhan

Rosenfeld

. First metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis using a dorsal plate and a compression screw. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31(9):797–801.

15.

Mann

Coughlin

. The rheumatoid foot: review of literature and method of treatment. Orthop Rev. 1979;8(8):105–112.

16.

Mann

Oates

. Arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Foot Ankle. 1980;1(3):159–166.

17.

Mayer

Zelenski

DeOrio

Easley

Nunley

2nd . A comparison of nonlocking semitubular plates and precontoured locking plates for first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis. Foot Ankle Int. 2014;35(5):438–444.

18.

McNeil

Baumhauer

Glazebrook

. Evidence-based analysis of the efficacy for operative treatment of hallux rigidus. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34(1):15–32.

19.

Moon

McGlamry

. First metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis: current fixation options. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2011/4;28(2):405–419.

20.

Politi

John

Njus

Bennett

Kay

. First metatarsal-phalangeal joint arthrodesis: a biomechanical assessment of stability. Foot Ankle Int. 2003;24(4):332–337.

21.

Roukis

. Nonunion after arthrodesis of the first metatarsal-phalangeal joint: a systematic review. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2011;50(6):710–713.

22.

Sharma

Bhagat

DeLeeuw

Denolf

. In vivo comparison of screw versus plate and screw fixation for first metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis: does augmentation of internal compression screw fixation using a semi-tubular plate shorten time to clinical and radiologic fusion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ)? J Foot Ankle Surg. 2008;47(1):2–7.

23.

Smith

Joanis

Maxwell

. Great toe metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis: a user-friendly technique. Foot Ankle. 1992;13(7):367–377.

24.

Turan

Lindgren

. Compression-screw arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint of the foot. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;(221):292–295.

25.

Wassink

van den Oever

. Arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint using a single screw: retrospective analysis of 109 feet. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2009;48(6):653–661.

26.

Watson

Kelikian

. Cost-effectiveness comparison of three methods of internal fixation for arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19(5):304–310.

27.

Wilson

. Cone arthrodesis of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1967;49(1):98–101.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.11 MB