The adoption of technology in Indian courts has improved and increased the rate of data collection, particularly from court proceedings. Data is now available in accessible formats, making them valuable for developing artificial intelligence-based tools. While the potential for risks and harms from incomplete or biased datasets is known and documented, there are also system-level issues that emerge from this datafication and adoption of advanced technologies in justice delivery systems. They can lead to an over-reliance on quantifiable aspects of the system, hinder the development of legal theory and lead to the commercialisation of case data. With advances in data processing and analytics, earlier open-by-default models for case data need a careful rethink, considering the potential for misuse of personal and sensitive information and commercialisation of publicly available data. Adequate safeguards rooted in a legal basis and built through wide stakeholder deliberation are needed to meet the ends of technology-enabled justice.
AnejaU., & MathewD. (2023). Smart automation and AI in the Indian Judicial System. Digital Futures Lab.
3.
ArulmozhiselviR. (2018, August). Case management through CIS 3.0. https://ecourts.gov.in/ecourts_home/static/manuals/Case%20Management%20through%20CIS%203.0.pdf
4.
BhargavaA. K. (2023, August15). Chief Justice’s Folded Hands Gesture On PM’s Praise For Supreme Court. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chief-justice-of-indias-folded-hands-gesture-on-pms-language-remark-4299123
5.
CarrollS. R., GarbaI., Figueroa-RodríguezO. L., HolbrookJ., LovettR., MaterecheraS., ParsonsM., RaserokaK., Rodriguez-LonebearD., RoweR., SaraR., WalkerJ. D., AndersonJ., & HudsonM. (2020). The CARE principles for indigenous data governance. Data Science Journal, 19, 43.
6.
ChandraA., KalantryS., & HubbardW. H. (2023). Court on trial: A data-driven account of the supreme court of India. Penguin.
7.
Courts, N. C. (2019, December). Data Governance Policy Guide. https://www.courtstatistics.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0031/23899/data-governance-final.pdf
EngstromD. F., & EngstromN. F. (2023). Legal tech and the litigation playing field. In EngstromD. F. (Ed.), Legal tech and the future of civil justice. Cambridge University Press.
14.
EngstromD. F., & VogtR. (2022). The new judicial governance: Courts, Data and the future of civil justice. DePaul Law Review, 72(2), 171–238.
15.
Fanny, LeuferD., & MasseE. (2021, February17). The EU should regulate AI on the basis of rights, not risks. https://www.accessnow.org/eu-regulation-ai-risk-based-approach/
16.
GhoshS. (2020, October6). Law reporting in India : History and improvement. https://blog.ipleaders.in/law-reporting-in-india-history-and-improvement/
17.
HoqueS. (2023). Neocolonial digitality: Analyzing digital legal databases using legal pluralism. Asian Journal of Law & Society, 10(3), 1–33.
18.
JohnstonE., & PivatyA. (2023). Efficiency and bureaucratisation of criminal justice: Global trends. Routledge.
19.
MalikV., SanjayR., NigamS. K., GhoshK., GuhaS. K., BhattacharyaA., & ModiA. (2021, May31). ILDC for CJPE: Indian legal documents corpus for court judgment prediction and explanation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.13562
20.
NathD. (2021, October8). Pune Inc: Startup that’s helping digitise the Supreme Court, High Courts. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/mancorp-the-ai-startup-thats-helping-digitise-the-course-of-justice-in-india-7553128/
21.
NgK. H., & ChanP. C. (2021). ‘What Gets Measured Gets Done’: Metric fixation and China’s experiment in quantified judging. Asian Journal of Law & Society, 8(2), 255–281.
22.
PandeyS., ChandraA., SarkarS., & ShankarU. (2021). Towards reducing the pendency of cases at court: Automated case analysis of supreme court judgments in India. Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, 82–89.
23.
SambasivanN. (2021, June4). Data cascades in machine learning. https://ai.googleblog.com/2021/06/data-cascades-in-machine-learning.html
24.
ShuklaS. (2022). Beyond the bench: Promise of Indian legal tech startups. CIIE.CO.
25.
SrinivasanR. (2021). Whole numbers and half truths: What data can and cannot tell us about modern India. Westland Books.
26.
VeraL. A., WalkerD., MurphyM., MansfieldB., SiadL. M., OgdenJ. EDGI. (2019). When data justice and environmental justice meet: Formulating a response to extractive logic through environmental data justice. Information Communication Society, 22(7), 1012–1028.
27.
VijayaraghavanJ. R. (2021). Introduction of artificial intelligence in the judicial system. https://nja.gov.in/Concluded_Programmes/2021-22/P-1281_PPTs/2.Introduction%20of%20Artificial%20Inteligence%20in%20the%20Judicial%20System.pdf
