Cities are facing with rising needs and financial constraints worldwide. In such a situation, zoning regulations (land-based financing policies) are often considered as a potential policy tools to increase density to finance a diverse range of public infrastructures by local governments. Based on a questionnaire survey conducted with 384 participants from the neighbourhood residents and in-person site visit in Tabriz, Iran, this article investigates the relationship between revenue-based density selling policy implementation and neighbourhood satisfaction and urban resilience. The findings demonstrated that there is significant alignment among residential dissatisfaction about implementation of ‘density selling’ policy. All examined qualitative indicators represented lower level of the residents’ satisfaction with the new situation. Urban densification policies through the selling floor area ratio (FAR) permission have brought negative consequences in the physical and social dimensions. The findings also revealed the high level of residents’ awareness and their concerns about natural hazards. The findings can be valuable to give decision makers and city managers a better understanding of the consequences of using revenue-based urban development.
AbizadehS., & ZaliN. (2013). Analyzing urban green space function emphasizing green space features in region 2 of Tabriz metropolis in Iran. Anuario do Instituto de Geociencias, 36(1), 119–127. https://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2013_1_119_127
2.
AhlfeldtG., PietrostefaniE., SchumannA., & MatsumotoT. (2018). Demystifying compact urban growth: Evidence from 300 studies from across the world. Working Paper. https://doi.org/10.1787/20737009
3.
AlbertiM., MarzluffJ. M., ShulenbergerE., BradleyG., RyanC., & ZumbrunnenC. (2003). Integrating humans into ecology: Opportunities and challenges for studying urban ecosystems. BioScience, 53, 1169–1179. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[1169:IHIEOA]2.0.CO;2
4.
AliniaiK., YarahmadiA., ZarinJ. Z., YarahmadiH., & LakS. B. (2015). Parking lot site selection: An opening gate towards sustainable GIS-based urban traffic management. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 43(4), 801–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-014-0415-3
5.
AllamZ., & JonesD. S. (2019). The potential of blockchain within air rights development as a prevention measure against urban sprawl. Urban Science, 3(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3010038
6.
AnderssonC. (2021). Public space and the new urban agenda. In Public space reader (pp. 420–425). Routledge.
7.
ArtmannM., KohlerM., MeinelG., GanJ., & IojaI. C. (2019). How smart growth and green infrastructure can mutually support each other—A conceptual framework for compact and green cities. Ecological Indicators, 96, 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.07.001
8.
AhmadH., MaulanS. B., MariapanM., & MuhammadM. (2014). The relationship between landscape planting patterns and perceived safety in urban parks in Tabriz, Iran. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 8(2), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2013.1486
9.
Ali AkbariE., & MirayeeN. S. (2016). Pathology and Seismic Zoning of Urban Fabric (Case Study: Valiasr Town of Tabriz). Geography and Planning, 19(54), 211–233. (in Persian). https://geoplanning.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_4477_1edbc5ae2d012fda47b43f30099ac74b.pdf?lang=en
10.
AlizadehM., AlizadehE., Asadollahpour KotenaeeS., ShahabiH., PourA. B., PanahiM., AhmadB. B., & SaroL. (2018). Social vulnerability assessment using artificial neural network (ANN) model for earthquake hazard in Tabriz city, Iran. Sustainability, 10(10), 3376. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103376
11.
AlizadehM., ZabihiH., RezaieF., AsadzadehA., WolfI. D., LangatP. K., KhosraviI., PourA. B., NatajM. M., AdrianoB., KarimzadehS., MoyaL., KalantarB., BhardwajA., BaiY. & PradhanB. (2021). Earthquake vulnerability assessment for urban areas using an ANN and hybrid SWOT-QSPM model. Remote Sensing, 13(22), 4519. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224519
12.
Al-ThaniS. K., SkelhornC. P., AmatoA., KocM., & Al-GhamdiS. G. (2018). Smart technology impact on neighborhood form for a sustainable Doha. Sustainability, 10(12), 4764. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124764
13.
AngelS., ParentJ., CivcoD. L., BleiA., & PotereD. (2011). The dimensions of global urban expansion: Estimates and projections for all countries, 2000–2050. Progress in Planning, 75(2), 53–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2011.04.001
14.
Arseh Consultants Company. (1996). Comprehensive plan of Tabriz city. Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran.
15.
Ayala-AzcárragaC., DiazD., & ZambranoL. (2019). Characteristics of urban parks and their relation to user well-being. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.04.005
16.
BahadureS., & KotharkarR. (2012). Social sustainability and mixed landuse, case study of neighborhoods in Nagpur, India. Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, 2(4), 76–83. https://doi.org/10.9756/BIJIEMS.1744
17.
BanisterD. (2008). The sustainable mobility paradigm. Journal of Transport Policy, 15, 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.10.005
18.
BarrJ. (2012). Skyscraper height. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 45, 723–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-010-9274-z
19.
BarrJ. (2015). The economics of skyscraper construction in Manhattan: Past, present. CTBUH J, 4, 34–39. https://global.ctbuh.org
20.
BattistiF., & CampoO. (2021). The assessment of density bonus in building renovation interventions. The case of the city of florence in Italy. Land, 10, 1391. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10121391
21.
BeenV., & InfrancaJ. (2012). Transferable development rights programs: Post-zoning. Brook. L. Rev., 78, 435.
22.
BeheshtiZ., GharagozlouA., MonavariM., & KheirkhahM. (2021). Landslides behavior spatial modeling by using evidential belief function model, Promethean II model, and index of entropy in Tabriz, Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14, 1801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-08172-2
23.
BerberianM., & ArshadiS. (1976). On the evidence of the youngest activity of the North Tabriz Fault and the seismicity of Tabriz city. Geological Survey Iran Report, 39, 397–418.
24.
BermanM. A. (1996). The transportation effects of neo-traditional development. Journal of Planning Literature, 10(4), 347–363. https://doi.org/10.1177/088541229601000401
25.
BlancoA. G., MorenoN., VetterD. M., & VetterM. F. (2016). The Potential of Land Value Capture for financing urban projects: Methodological considerations and case studies. https://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000597
26.
BolleterJ., & RamalhoC. E. (2019). Greenspace-oriented development: Reconciling urban density and nature in suburban cities. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29601-8_4
27.
BondL., KearnsA., MasonP., TannahillC., EganM., & WhitelyE. (2012). Exploring the relationships between housing, neighborhoods and mental wellbeing for residents of deprived areas. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 114. https://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/48
28.
BonettD. G., & WrightT. A. (2015). Cronbach’s alpha reliability: Interval estimation, hypothesis testing, and sample size planning. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1960
29.
BoykoC. T., & CooperR. (2011). Clarifying and re-conceptualising density. Progress in Planning, 76(1), 1–61. https://doi:10.1016/j.progress.2011.07.001
30.
BrennerN., & TheodoreN. (2008). Cities and the geographies of ‘actually existing neoliberalism’. In N. Brenner & N. Theodore (Eds.), Spaces of neoliberalism: Urban restructuring in North America and Western Europe (1st ed., [reprint]). Blackwell.
31.
BreusteJ., & RahimiA. (2015). Many public urban parks, but who profits from them? The example of Tabriz, Iran. Ecological Processes, 4(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-014-0027-4
BurtonE. (2000). The compact city: Just or just compact? A preliminary analysis. Urban Studies, 37(11), 1969–2001. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2007.9521618
34.
CaoJ., & MenendezM. (2015). System dynamics of urban traffic based on its parking-related-states. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 81, 718–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2015.07.018
35.
CerveroR. (1996). Mixed land-uses and commuting: Evidence from the American housing survey. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 30(5), 361–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/0965-8564(95)00033-X
36.
ChenH. Y. (2020). Cashing in on the sky: Financialization and urban air rights in the Taipei Metropolitan Area. Regional Studies, 54(2), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1599104
37.
ChengV. (2009). Understanding density and high density. In Designing high-density cities (pp. 37–51). Routledge.
38.
ChunliangX. (2011). Vulnerability of large city and its implication in urban planning: A perspective of intra-urban structure, Chinese Geographical Science, 21(2), 204–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-011-0451-7
39.
ChenHung-Ying. (2020). Cashing in on the sky: Financialization and urban air rights in the Taipei Metropolitan Area. Regional Studies, 54(2), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1599104
40.
CilliersE. J., TimmermansW., Van den GoorberghF., & SlijkhuisJ. S. A. (2015). The story behind the place: Creating urban spaces that enhance quality of life. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 10(4), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-014-9336-0
41.
ColesR. W., & BusseyS. C. (2000). Urban forest landscapes in the UK—Progressing the social agenda. Landscape and Urban Planning, 52(2–3), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00132-8
42.
ConwayJ. M., JakoR. A., & GoodmanD. F. (1995). A meta-analysis of interrater and internal consistency reliability of selection interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(5), 565. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.80.5.565
43.
CronbachL. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555
44.
DafflonB., & Beer-TóthK. (2009). Managing local public debt in transition countries: An issue of self-control. Financial Accountability & Management, 25(3), 305–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0408.2009.00479.x
45.
DantzigG. B., & SaatayT. L. (1973). Compact city: A plan for a liveable urban environment. Freeman and Co.
46.
DaneshpourZ. (2006). Analysis of spatial inequality in suburban environments. Iranian Journal of Fine Arts, 28, 5–14(in Persian).
47.
DachisB. (2020). Gimme shelter: How high municipal housing charges and taxes decrease housing supply taxes. Commentary—CD Howe Institute, 584, 0_1–24. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4091780
48.
DaveS. (2010). High urban densities in developing countries: A sustainable solution?Built Environment, 36(1), 9–27. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.36.1.9
49.
De la BarreraF., Reyes-PaeckeS., & BanzhafE. (2016). Indicators for green spaces in contrasting urban settings. Ecological Indicators, 62, 212–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.10.027
50.
DhingraM., & ChattopadhyayS. (2016). Advancing smartness of traditional settlements-case analysis of Indian and Arab old cities. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 5(2), 549–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.08.004
51.
DingC. (2013). Building height restrictions, land development and economic costs. Land Use Policy, 30(1), 485–495. doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.04.016
52.
Diargah Architectural and Urban Planning Consultant Firm. (2010). Tarhe baznegari va eslahe chegunegie jelogiri az khalafhaye sakhtemani va residegi be anha [The revision and modification of the process of building contraventions’ control in Tehran], [Moavenate memari va shahrsazi shahrdari Tehran] [Planning and architecture department of Tehran Municipality], Tehran.
53.
Di GiulioM., HoldereggerR., & TobiasS. (2009). Effects of habitat and landscape fragmentation on humans and biodiversity in densely populated landscapes. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(10), 2959–2968. https://doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.05.002
54.
DianatiV. (2021). The interplay between urban densification and place change in Tehran; Implications for place-based social sustainability. Sustainability, 13, 9636. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179636
55.
DodmanD. (2009). Blaming cities for climate change? An analysis of urban greenhouse gas emissions inventories. Environment and Urbanization, 21(1), 185–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247809103016
56.
DouJ., YunusA. P., Tien BuiD., SahanaM., ChenC. W., ZhuZ., ... & PhamB. T. (2019). Evaluating GIS-based multiple statistical models and data mining for earthquake and rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility using the LiDAR DEM. Remote Sensing, 11(6), 638. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11060638
57.
EnssleF., & KabischN. (2020). Urban green spaces for the social interaction, health and well-being of older people—An integrated view of urban ecosystem services and socio-environmental justice. Environmental Science & Policy, 109, 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.04.008
58.
FaguetJ. P. (2014). Decentralization and governance. World Development, 53, 2–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.002
59.
FaridiM., BurgJ. P., NazariH., TalebianM., & GhorashiM. (2017). Active faults pattern and interplay in the Azerbaijan region (NW Iran). Geotectonics, 51(4), 428–437. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016852117040033
60.
FathiM. S., & HeidariF. (2018). The role of façades in the formation of physical identity in the Iranian cities. International Journal of Human Capital Urban Management, 3(1), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijhcum.2018.03.01.008
61.
FerreiraA., & BateyP. (2011). On why planning should not reinforce self-reinforcing trends: A cautionary analysis of the compact-city proposal applied to large cities. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 38(2), 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1068/b36102
62.
FertnerC., JørgensenG., NielsenT. A. S., & NilssonK. S. B. (2016). Urban sprawl and growth management—Drivers, impacts and responses in selected European and US cities. Future Cities and Environment, 2(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40984-016-0022-2
63.
FloridaR., MellanderC., & StolarickK. (2011). Beautiful places: The role of perceived aesthetic beauty in community satisfaction. Regional Studies, 45(1), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2010.486784
64.
FurtadoF., RezendeV. F., OliveiraT. C., & JorgensenP. (2006). Sale of building rights: Overview and evaluation of municipal experiences[Working Paper]. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
65.
GjerdeM. (2010). Visual aesthetic perception and judgement of urban streetscapes. In Paper for Building a Better World: CIB World Congress (pp. 12–22). https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB18896.pdf
66.
GiordanoM. (1988). Over-stuffing the envelope: The problem with creative transfer of development rights. Fordham Law Journal, 16, 43–66.
67.
Giles-CortiB, TimperioA, BullF, & PikoraT. (2005). Understanding physical activity environmental correlates: Increased specificity for ecological models. Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, 33, 175–181.
GoldschmidtL. A.Air rights. Retrieved, 20 May 2022, fromhttps://www.planning.org/pas/reports/report186.htm
70.
GolabiM. (2018). Changing discourses on visibility and invisibility in Iranian domestic architecture: A case study in Vali-Asr region in Tabriz (1980–2000). https://hdl.handle.net/11511/27911
71.
GhorbaniH. (2002). Investigation the inadequacies of density selling policy in Waliasr neighborhood [Master’s Thesis]. Tabriz Planning Management Organization training center (in Persian).
72.
GroßeJ., FertnerC., & CarstensenT. A. (2019). Compensatory leisure travel? The role of urban structure and lifestyle in weekend and holiday trips in Greater Copenhagen. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 7(1), 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2018.12.004
73.
HamersmaM., TillemaT., SussmanJ., & ArtsJ. (2014). Residential satisfaction close to highways: The impact of accessibility, nuisances and highway adjustment projects. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 59, 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2013.11.004
74.
HarpE. L., & JibsonR. W. (1995). Seismic instrumentation of landslides: Building a better model of dynamic landslide behavior. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 85(1), 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0850010093
75.
HeidarzadehE. (2013). Assessing the effects the sale of extra building density on urban development: A case study of 8 region of Tehran [Master Thesis]. In Urban Planning, University of Science and Technology, Tehran.
76.
HoldenE., & NorlandI. T. (2005). Three challenges for the compact city as a sustainable urban form: Household consumption of energy and transport in eight residential areas in the greater Oslo region. Urban Studies, 42(12), 2145–2166. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500332064
77.
Iranian Statistical Center. (2017). Population and housing censuses.
78.
JacksonL. E. (2003). The relationship of urban design to human health and condition, Landscape and Urban Planning, 64, 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00230-X
79.
JohnsonR., & BlackburnS. (2014). Advocacy for urban resilience: UNISDR’s making cities resilient campaign. Environment and Urbanization, 26, 29–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247813518684
80.
JoshiK. K., & KonoT. (2009). Optimization of floor area ratio regulation in a growing city. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 39(4), 502–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2009.02.001
81.
KamelifarM. J., RusteiS., AhadnejadM., & KamelifarZ. (2013). The Assessment of road network vulnerability in formal and informal (slum) urban tissues to earthquake hazards with crisis management approach (Case study: Zone 1 Tabriz). Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism, 3(6), 380–385. Retrieved, 20 March 2021, fromhttps://ojceu.com/main/attachments/article/28/J.%20Civil%20Eng.%20Urban.,56-380-385.pdf
82.
KarakhanianA. S., TrifonovV. G., PhilipH., AvagyanA., HessamiK., JamaliF., Salih BayraktutanM., BagdassarianH., ArakelianS., DavtianV., & AdilkhanyanA. (2004). Active faulting and natural hazards in Armenia, eastern Turkey and northwestern Iran. Tectonophysics, 380(3–4), 189–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2003.09.020
83.
KarampourK. (2018). Municipal funding mechanism and development process: A case study of Tehran[PhD Thesis]. University College London. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10057579
84.
KarampourK. (2021). Implications of density bonus tool for urban planning: Eelaxing floor area ratio (FAR) regulations in Tehran. International Planning Studies, 26(3), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2020.1802235
85.
KaydenJ. S. (1991). Zoning for dollars: New rules for an old game: Comments on the Municipal Art Society and Nollan cases. Wash. UJ Urb. & Contemp. L., 39, 3. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_urbanlaw
86.
KenndyM. (1995) Ekologisk stadsplanering I Europa, in: Den miljo¨va¨nliga staden—en Utopi? [Ecological urban planning in Europe] Rapport fra°n en seminarserie, Miljo¨prosjekt Sankt Jo¨rgen, Gøteborg.
87.
KhatamA., & KeshavarzianA. (2016). Decentralization and ambiguities of local politics in Tehran. Decentralization and ambiguities of local politics in Tehran, Middle East Institute. Retrieved, 20 March 2021, fromhttps://www.mei.edu/publications/decentralization-and-ambiguities-local-politics-tehran?print=
88.
Kheirizadeh ArouqM., EsmaeilpourM., & SarvarH. (2020). Vulnerability assessment of cities to earthquake based on the catastrophe theory: A case study of Tabriz city, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79(14), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09103-2
89.
KimD., & LimU. (2016). Urban resilience in climate change adaptation: A conceptual framework. Sustainability, 8(4), 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040405
90.
KunstlerJ. H. (1996). Home from nowhere: Remaking our everyday world for the twenty-first century. Simon and Schuster.
91.
LallS. V., & DeichmannU. (2012). Density and disasters: Economics of urban hazard risk. The World Bank Research Observer, 27(1), 74–105. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkr006
92.
LariA., LevinsonD., ZhaoZ. J., IaconoM., AultmanS., VardhanD., JungeJ., LarsonK., & ScharenbroichM. (2009). Value capture for transportation finance: Technical research report. Minneapolis: Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota.
93.
Le BoennecR., & LucasS. (2021). Is neighbourhood satisfaction related to density perception? Promoting liveable and sustainable land use planning. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2021.1957671
94.
LehmannS. (2016). Sustainable urbanism: Towards a framework for quality and optimal density? Future Cities and Environment, 2(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40984-016-0021-3
95.
LestanK. A., ErženI., & GolobičM. (2014). The role of open space in urban neighbourhoods for health-related lifestyle. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(6), 6547–6570. https://doi:10.3390/ijerph110606547
96.
LiX., LoveP. E., LuoH., & FangW. (2022). A systemic model for implementing land value capture to support urban rail transit infrastructure projects. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 156, 90–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.12.010
97.
MadanipourA. (2011). Sustainable development, urban form, and megacity governance and planning in Tehran. In Megacities (pp. 67–91). Springer.
98.
MadureiraH., & MonteiroA. (2021). Going green and going dense: A systematic review of compatibilities and conflicts in urban research. Sustainability, 13(19), 10643. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910643
99.
MahmoudiM., ZomordianG., & AghaeiM. (2011). A study of factors related to sustainable revenues of tehran municipality and their prioritization. Journal of Urban Management, Tehran, 131–153, (In Persian). www.magiran.com/paper/1006864
100.
MankelowJ. M., & MurphyW. (1998). Using GIS in the probabilistic assessment of earthquake triggered landslide hazards. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2(4), 593–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469809350336
101.
MartinoS. (2016). Earthquake-induced reactivation of landslides: Recent advances and future perspectives. Earthquakes and Their Impact on Society, 291–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21753-6_10
102.
MathurS. (2015). Sale of development rights to fund public transportation projects: Insights from Rajkot, India, BRTS project. Habitat International, 50, 234–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.08.041
103.
McCormackE., Scott RutherfordG., & WilkinsonM. (2001). Travel impacts of mixed land use neighborhoods in Seattle, Washington. Transport Research Record, 1780(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.3141/1780-04
104.
MesbahiF., Akbari BaghiM., & NadiriA. (2020). Assessment and mapping of the seismic vulnerability of Tabriz city using the fuzzy logic. Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research, 8(3), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.22102/JAEHR.2020.242457.1179
105.
MiliR. R., HosseiniK. A., & IzadkhahY. O. (2018). Developing a holistic model for earthquake risk assessment and disaster management interventions in urban fabrics. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 27, 355–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.10.022
106.
MohantyP. K. (2016). Financing cities in India: Municipal reforms, fiscal accountability and urban infrastructure. Sage Publications.
107.
MoorJ. (2001). Cities at risk. Habitat Debate, 7-4, 1-6. Retrieved, 20 July 2021, fromhttps://unhabitat.org/habitat-debate-vol-7-no-4-cities-at-risk
108.
MooreA. A. (2013). Trading density for benefits: Toronto and Vancouver compared. Institute on Municipal Finance and Governance. https://hdl.handle.net/1807/81255
109.
MooreA. A. (2018). Buildings with benefits: The defect of density bonusing. CD Howe Institute E-Brief, 276. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3165516
110.
MoosaviM. (2011). An introduction to environmental challenges of life in slum settlements of Tabriz. In 2011, Singapore, 2nd International Conference on Humanities, Historical and Social Sciences, 106–110.
111.
MottelsonJ. (2020). A new hypothesis on informal land supply, livelihood, and urban form in Sub-Saharan African Cities. Land, 9(11), 435. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9110435
112.
MusiakaL., SudraP., & SpórnaT. (2021). Spatial chaos as a result of war damage and post-war transformations. Example of the small town of Wegorzewo. Land, 10, 541. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10050541
113.
NasarJ. L. (1990). The evaluative image of the city. Journal of the American Planning Association, 56(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369008975742
114.
NaudeS. (2015). Exploring potential of public transport systems to facilitate development in the SA context. Southern African Transport Conference. https://hdl.handle.net/2263/57754
115.
NæssP., SaglieI. L., & RichardsonT. (2020). Urban sustainability: Is densification sufficient? European Planning Studies, 28(1), 146–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1604633
116.
NæssP. (2006). Are short daily trips compensated by higher leisure mobility? Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 33(2), 197–220. https://doi.org/10.1068/b31151
117.
Naghsh-e-Moheet Consultants Company. (2016). Comprehensive plan of Tabriz city. Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran.
118.
NanehkaranY. A., MaoY., AzarafzaM., KockarM. K., & ZhuH. H. (2021). Fuzzy-based multiple decision method for landslide susceptibility and hazard assessment: A case study of Tabriz, Iran. Geomechanics and Engineering, 24(5), 407–418. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2021.24.5.407
119.
NiuQ., WangY., XiaY., WuH., & TangX. (2018). Detailed assessment of the spatial distribution of urban parks according to day and travel mode based on web mapping API: A case study of main parks in Wuhan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(8), 1725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081725
120.
NowakM. J. (2017). Niesparwno´s´c Władz Publicznych a System Gospodarki Przestrzennej [Inefficiency of public municipality and spatial economy system]. Komitet Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju PAN.
121.
NsengiyumvaJ. B., LuoG., NahayoL., HuangX., & CaiP. (2018). Landslide susceptibility assessment using spatial multi-criteria evaluation model in Rwanda. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020243
122.
OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). (2012). Compact city policies: A comparative assessment. Paris, France, ISBN 92-64-16784-6.
123.
Olad GhaffariP., & MonavariS. M. (2013). Physical development trend and green space destruction in developing cities: A GIS approach. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 15(1), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9381-5
124.
PallarésA. M. (2015). A mutated skyline: New York’s sky is for sale. Planning Theory & Practice, 16(1), 133–138. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2015.1004902
125.
PariziS. M., TaleaiM., & SharifiA. (2022). A GIS-based multi-criteria analysis framework to evaluate urban physical esilience against earthquakes. Sustainability, 14(9), 5034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095034
126.
PatelB., ByahutS., & BhathaB. (2018). Building regulations are a barrier to affordable housing in Indian cities: The case of Ahmedabad. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 33(1), 175–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-017-9552-7
127.
PaumierC. (2004). Creating a vibrant city center: Urban design and regeneration principles. Urban Land Institute.
128.
Payami AzadS., MorinagaR., & KobayashiH. (2018). Effect of housing layout and open space morphology on residential environments—Applying New Density Indices for Evaluation of Residential Areas Case Study: Tehran, Iran. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 17(1), 79–86, https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.17.79
129.
PetersonG. E. (2008). Unlocking land values to finance urban infrastructure. World Bank Publications.
130.
PhillipsJ. D. (1993). Spatial-domain chaos in landscapes. Geographical Analysis, 25(2), 101–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1993.tb00283.x
131.
PitidisV., TapeteD., CoaffeeJ., KapetasL., & Porto de AlbuquerqueJ. (2018). Understanding the implementation challenges of urban resilience policies: Investigating the influence of urban geological risk in Thessaloniki, Greece. Sustainability, 10(10), 3573. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103573
132.
QianQ. K., FanK., & ChanE. H. (2016). Regulatory incentives for green buildings: Gross floor area concessions. Building Research & Information, 44(5–6), 675–693. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2016.1181874
133.
RahimiA. (2016). A methodological approach to urban land-use change modeling using infill development pattern: A case study in Tabriz, Iran. Ecological Processes, 5(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-016-0044-6
134.
RajabiF. (2017). Head of Iran’s construction engineering organization. Retrieved, 7 June 2023, fromhttps://news.mrud.ir/news/34756
135.
Reyes-RiverosR., AltamiranoA., De La BarreraF., RozasD., VieliL., & MeliP. (2021). Linking public urban green spaces and human well-being: A systematic review. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 61, 127105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127105
136.
RogersR.Urban Task Force. (1999). Towards an urban renaissance (1st ed., p. 328). Routledge.
137.
RondinelliD. A., NellisJ. R., & CheemaG. S. (1983). Decentralization in developing countries. World Bank Staff Working Paper, 581, 13–28.
138.
SajjadM., ChanJ. C., & ChopraS. S. (2021). Rethinking disaster resilience in high-density cities: Towards an urban resilience knowledge system. Sustainable Cities and Society, 69, 102850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102850
139.
SalimiM., FaramarziD., HosseinianS. H., & GharehpetianG. B. (2020). Replacement of natural gas with electricity to improve seismic service resilience: An application to domestic energy utilities in Iran. Energy, 200, 117509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117509
140.
SandroniP. (2011). Urban value capture in São Paulo using a two-part approach: Created land (Solo Criado) and sale of building rights (Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir). An analysis of the impact of the basic coefficient of land use as a tool ofthe 2002 Master Plan. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
141.
SanoffH. (1991). Visual research methods in design. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
142.
SarkheyliE., SharifiA., RafieianM., BemanianM., & MurayamaA. (2012). An investigation of the reasons for non-compliance with FAR regulations in Tehran. Cities, 29(4), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2011.09.004
143.
SchnidmanF. (1976). Transferable development rights: An idea in search of implementation. Land & Water Law Review, 11, 339.
144.
SchnidmanF., & RobertsC. (1983). Municipal air rights: New York city’s proposal to sell air rights over public buildings and public spaces. The Urban Lawyer, 347–378. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27893178
145.
Schmidt-ThoméK., HaybatollahiM., KyttäM., & KorpiJ. (2013). The prospects for urban densification: A place-based study. Environmental Research Letters, 8(2), 025020. stacks.iop.org/ERL/8/025020
146.
SchoemanN. J. (2006). Rethinking fiscal decentralization in South Africa, Journal of Public Administration. 41, 2. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC51458
147.
ShakibaeiS., AlpkokinP., & GunduzU. (2011). Oil rich countries and sustainable mobility: Challenges in Tabriz. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 20, 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.08.022
148.
SharifiA. (2019). Resilient urban forms: A review of literature on streets and street networks. Building and Environment, 147, 171–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.09.040
149.
SharmaR., & NewmanP. (2018). Can land value capture make PPP’s competitive in fares? A Mumbai case study. Transport Policy, 64, 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.02.002
150.
SinghroyV. (2005). Remote sensing of landslides. In T. Glade, M. Anderson, & M. Crozier (Eds.). Landslide hazard and risk (pp. 469–492). John Wiley & Sons Ltd, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470012659
151.
SkidmoreM., & PeddleM. (1998). Do development impact fees reduce the rate of residential development? Growth and Change, 29(4), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1998.tb00026.x
152.
SlackN. E. (2009). Guide to municipal finance. UN-Habitat.
153.
SmolkaM. O., & MaleronkaC. (2018). Assessing the monetary relevance of land value capture: The case for charges for additional building rights in São Paulo, Brazil. RELAND: International Journal of Real Estate & Land Planning, 1, 124–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26262/reland.v1i0.6468
154.
SorensenA., & OkataJ. (Eds.). (2010). Megacities: Urban form, governance, and sustainability(Vol. 10). Springer Science & Business Media.
155.
SoltaniA. (2017). Social and urban form determinants of vehicle ownership; evidence from a developing country. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 96, 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.12.010
156.
SouthonG. E., JorgensenA., DunnettN., HoyleH., & EvansK. L. (2018). Perceived species-richness in urban green spaces: Cues, accuracy and well-being impacts. Landscape and Urban Planning, 172, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.12.002
157.
Statistics Center of Iran. (2012). The statistical yearbook of Iran (2011). Statistic Center of Iran.
158.
StaffordM., & MarmotM. (2003). Neighbourhood deprivation and health: Does it affect us all equally? International Journal of Epidemiology, 32(3), 357–366. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg084
159.
SuzukiH., MurakamiJ., HongY. H., & TamayoseB. (2015). Financing transit-oriented development with land values: Adapting land value capture in developing countries. World Bank Publications.
160.
Tehran Urban Development Studies and Preparation Institute, (2004, 2005, p. 21). Report on housing and population production trends in Tehran, Tehran Municipality.
161.
TurnerA. K. (2018). Social and environmental impacts of landslides. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 3(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-018-0175-y
162.
TzoulasK., KorpelaK., VennS., Yli-PelkonenV., KaźmierczakA., NiemelaJ., & JamesP. (2007). Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using Green Infrastructure: A literature review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 81(3), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.02.001
163.
UN-Habitat. New Urban Agenda: H III: Habitat III: Quito 17–20 October 2016; United Nations, 2017; ISBN 978-92-1-132731-1.
164.
UN-HABITAT. (2015). Municipal financing in developing cities: Review of land-based finance training package for financing sustainable urban development. Expert Group Meeting Report. Kenya, Nairobi: UN-HABITAT.
165.
Van HerzeleA, & WiedemannT. (2003). A monitoring tool for the provision of accessible and attractive urban green spaces. Landscape Urban Planning63, 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00192-5
166.
Van den BergM., Wendel- VosW., van PoppelM., KemperH., van MechelenW., & MaasJ. (2015). Health benefits of green spaces in the living environment: A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(4), 806–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.07.008
167.
VyasI., VyasH. N., & MishraA. K. (2022). Land-based financing of cities in India: A study of Bengaluru and Hyderabad and directions for reforms. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(1), e2378. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2378
168.
WaltonD., MurrayS. J., & ThomasJ. A. (2008). Relationships between population density and the perceived quality of neighborhood. Social Indicators Research, 89(3), 405–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9240-9
169.
WaltersL. C. (2013). Land value capture in policy and practice. Journal of Property Tax Assessment & Administration, 10(2), 5–21. https://researchexchange.iaao.org/jptaa/vol10/iss2/1
170.
WasowskiJ., KeeferD. K., & LeeC. T. (2011). Toward the next generation of research on earthquake-induced landslides: Current issues and future challenges. Engineering Geology, 122(1–2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.06.001
171.
ZhangH., & LinS. H. (2011). Affective appraisal of residents and visual elements in the neighborhood: A case study in an established suburban community. Landscape and Urban Planning, 101(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.12.010
