While cities as a whole work as complex adaptive systems, the same cannot be said of many of their neighbourhoods constructed in the 20th century. The formation and perpetuation of anti-adaptive-neighbourhoods is a very recent and still under-explored phenomenon in urban history. The paper investigates the causes behind this phenomenon and suggests policy and design implications to generate neighbourhoods and built environments that are more adaptable. It demonstrates that contemporary discussions can be enriched if we pay more attention to certain underestimated urban factors that guarantee the incremental adaptation of the built environment: action, ownership, and time.
AkbarJ (1988) Crisis in the Built Environment: The Case of the Muslim City.
Singapore:
Concept Media Pte Ltd.
2.
AlexanderC (1979) The Timeless Way of Building.
New York:
Oxford University Press.
3.
AlexanderCSilversteinMAngelS, et al. (1975) The Oregon Experiment.
New York:
Oxford University Press.
4.
AlfasiN (2006)
Planning policy? Between long-term planning and zoning amendments in the Israeli planning system.Environment and Planning A38(3): 553–568.
5.
AlfasiN (2018a)
The coding turn in urban planning: Could it remedy the essential drawbacks of planning?Planning Theory17(3): 375–395.
6.
AlfasiN (2018b) Towers-in-the-park: New suburbs in the city hub. In: Growing bad. International scientific symposium on built environment and urban design, Aachen, GE, 6-7 September.
7.
AlfasiNPortugaliJ (2007)
Planning rules for a self-planned city.Planning Theory6(2): 164–182.
8.
AltaşNEÖzsoyA (1998)
Spatial adaptability and flexibility as parameters of user satisfaction for quality housing.Building and Environment33(5): 315–323.
9.
AnderssonDEAnderssonÅE (2019)
Phase transitions as a cause of economic development. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 51(3): 670–686.
10.
BarlowJJacksonRMeikleJL (2001) Homes to DIY for: The UK’s Self-build Housing Market in the Twenty-first Century.
York:
York Publishing Services.
11.
BattyM (2013) The New Science of Cities.
Cambridge:
The MIT Press.
12.
BattyMMarshallS (2012) The origins of complexity theory in cities and planning. In: PortugaliJMeyerHStolkE (eds) Complexity Theories of Cities Have Come of Age.
Heidelberg:
Springer, pp.21–46.
13.
BertaudA (2018) Order Without Design. How Markets Shape Cities.
Cambridge:
MIT Press.
14.
BiddulphM (2012)
The problem with thinking about or for urban design.Journal of Urban Design17(1): 1–20.
15.
BocchiF (2013) Per Antiche Strade. Caratteri e Aspetti Delle Città Medievali.
Roma:
Viella.
16.
BrandS (1995) How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They’re Built.
London:
Penguin.
17.
BuitelaarEGalleMSorelN (2014) The public planning of private planning: An analysis of controlled spontaneity in the Netherlands. In: AnderssonDEMoroniS (eds) Cities and Private Planning. Property Rights, Entrepreneurship and Transaction Costs.
Cheltenham:
Edward Elgar, pp. 248–268.
18.
BuitelaarESorelN (2010)
Between the rule of law and the quest for control: Legal certainty in the Dutch planning system.Land Use Policy27(3): 983–989.
19.
ChenSCWebsterCJ (2005)
Homeowners associations, collective action and the costs of private governance.Housing Studies20(2): 205–220.
20.
CozzolinoS (2018)
Reconsidering spontaneity and flexibility after Jane Jacobs. How do they work under different kind of planning conditions?Cosmos + Taxis5(3/4): 14–24.
21.
CozzolinoSBuitelaarEMoroniS, et al. (2017)
Experimenting in urban self-organization. Framework-rules and emerging orders in Oosterwold (Almere, The Netherlands). Cosmos + Taxis4(2): 49–59.
22.
DuncanSSRoweA (1993)
Self-provided housing: The first world’s hidden housing arm.Urban Studies30(8): 1331–1354.
23.
GehlJ (2011) Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space.
Washington, DC:
Island Press.
24.
HabrakenNJ (1987)
The control of complexity. Places4(2): 3–15.
25.
HabrakenNJ (1998) The Structure of the Ordinary: Form and Control in the Built Environment.
Cambridge:
MIT Press.
26.
HabrakenNJ (2008)
Design for flexibility. Building Research & Information36(3): 290–296.
27.
HabrakenNJ (2016) Cultivating complexity: The need for a shift in cognition. In: Portugali J and Stolk E (eds) Complexity, Cognition, Urban Planning and Design. Berlin: Springer, pp. 55–74.
HarrisDC (2011)
Condominium and the city: The rise of property in Vancouver.Law & Social Inquiry36(3): 694–726.
30.
HayekFA (1945)
The use of knowledge in society.The American Economic Review35(4): 519–530.
31.
HayekFA (1988/2011) The Fatal Conceit.
London:
Routledge.
32.
HellemanGWassenbergF (2004)
The renewal of what was tomorrow’s idealistic city. Amsterdam’s Bijlmermeer high-rise.Cities21(1): 3–17.
33.
HellerMA (1998)
The tragedy of the anticommons: Property in the transition from Marx to markets.Harvard Law Review111(3): 621–688.
34.
HertzbergerH (1991) Lessons for Students in Architecture.
Rotterdam:
010 Publisher.
35.
HirtS (2013)
Whatever happened to the (post) socialist city?Cities 32(
1): 29–38.
36.
HolcombeRG (2013)
Planning and the invisible hand: Allies or adversaries?Planning Theory12(2): 199–210.
37.
IkedaS (2017)
The city cannot be a work of art. Cosmos + Taxis4(2): 79–86.
38.
ImbroscioD (2013)
From redistribution to ownership: Towardan alternative urban policy for America’s cities. Urban Affairs Review49(6): 787–820.
39.
JacobsJ (1961) Death and Life of Great American Cities.
New York:
Random House.
40.
KabischSGrossmannK (2013)
Challenges for large housing estates in light of population decline and ageing: Results of a long-term survey in East Germany.Habitat International39: 232–239.
41.
KelsoJSStolkEPortugaliJ (2016) Self-organization and design as a complementary pair. In: PortugaliJStolkE (eds) Complexity, Cognition, Urban Planning and Design.
Berlin:
Springer.
42.
LangJ (2006) Urban Design.
London:
Routledge, pp. 43–53.
43.
LevyA (1999)
Urban morphology and the problem of the modern urban fabric: Some questions for research. Urban Morphology3:
79–85.
44.
LloydDPeelDJanssen-JansenLB (2014)
Self-build in the UK and Netherlands: Mainstreaming self-development to address housing shortage?Urban, Planning and Transport Research3(1): 19–31.
45.
Lloyd LawhonL (2009)
The neighborhood unit: Physical design or physical determinism?Journal of Planning History8(2): 111–132.
46.
McGreevyMP (2017)
Complexity as the telos of postmodern planning and design: Designing better cities from the bottom-up.Planning Theory17(3): 355–374.
47.
McGreevyMPWilsonL (2017)
The civic and neighbourhood commons as complex adaptive systems: The economic vitality of the centre.Planning Theory16(2): 169–185.
48.
ManewaASiriwardenaMRossA, et al. (2016)
Adaptable buildings for sustainable built environment.Built Environment Project and Asset Management6(2): 139–158.
49.
MehaffyMW (2008)
Generative methods in urban design: A progress assessment.Journal of Urbanism1(1): 57–75.
50.
MoroniS (2015)
Complexity and the inherent limits of explanation and prediction: Urban codes for self-organizing cities.Planning Theory14(3): 248–267.
51.
MoroniS (2018)
Property as a human right and property as a special title. Rediscussing private ownership of land.Land Use Policy70: 273–280.
52.
MoroniSBuitelaarESorelN, et al. (2018)
Simple planning rules for complex urban problems. Towards legal certainty for spatial flexibility.Journal of Planning Education and Research. Epub ahead of print 23 May 2018. DOI: 10.1177/0739456X18774122.
53.
MoroniSChiodelliF (2014)
Public spaces, private spaces, and the right to the city. Journal of E-Planning3(1): 55–65.
54.
MoroniSCozzolinoS (2019)
Action and the city. Emergence, complexity, planning.Cities90: 42–51.
55.
MorrisEMWestMD (2003)
The tragedy of the condominiums: Legal responses to collective action problems after the Kobe earthquake.American Journal of Comparative Law4: 903–940.
56.
MoudonAV (1986) Built for Change: Neighborhood Architecture in San Francisco.
Cambridge:
MIT Press.
57.
OstromEChangCPenningtonM, et al. (2012) The Future of the Commons – Beyond Market Failure and Government Regulation. Institute of Economic Affairs Monographs. London: The Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA).
58.
PirenneH (1925/2014) Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade.
Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press.
59.
PortugaliJMeyerHStolkE, et al. (eds) (2012) Complexity Theories of Cities Have Come of Age: An Overview with Implications to Urban Planning and Design.
Berlin:
Springer.
60.
PortugaliJStolkE (2014)
A SIRN view on design thinking – An urban design perspective.Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design41(5): 829–846.
61.
RauwsWDe RooG (2016)
Adaptive planning: Generating conditions for urban adaptability. Lessons from Dutch organic development strategies.Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design43(6): 1052–1074.
62.
Renae JohnstonNReidS (2013)
Multi-owned developments: A life cycle review of a developing research area.Property Management31(5): 366–388.
63.
RomanoM (1980) L’urbanistica in Italia nel Periodo Dello Sviluppo: 1942–1980.
Venice:
Marsilio.
64.
RomanoM (2010) Ascesa e Declino Della Città Europea.
Milan:
Cortina.
65.
RowlandsRMusterdSVan KempenR (2009) Mass Housing in Europe: Multiple Faces of Development, Change and Response.
London:
Palgrave Macmillan.
66.
SlaevAD (2016)
Types of planning and property rights.Planning Theory15(1): 23–41.
67.
SternbergE (2000)
An integrative theory of urban design.Journal of the American Planning Association66(3): 265–278.
68.
SwyngedouwEMoulaertFRodriguezA (2002)
Neoliberal urbanization in Europe: Large–scale urban development projects and the new urban policy.Antipode34(3): 542–577.
69.
TalenE (2012)
Zoning and diversity in historical perspective.Journal of Planning History11(4): 330–347.
70.
TanE (2014) Negotiation and Design for the Self-Organizing City: Gaming as a Method for Urban Design.
Delft:
TU Delft Publisher.
71.
TurkingtonRVan KempenRWassenbergF (2004) High-Rise Housing in Europe: Current Trends and Future Prospects.
Delft:
Delft University Press.
72.
WebbBWebberS (2017)
The implications of condominium neighbourhoods for long-term urban revitalisation.Cities61: 48–57.
73.
ZarecorKE (2011)
Socialist neighborhoods after socialism: The past, present, and future of postwar housing in the Czech Republic. East European Politics and Societies26(3): 486–509.
