Hall and ion effects combined with micropolar fluids can enhance or suppress heat transfer in many engineering processes. Heat exchangers and cooling systems can, for example, use magnetic fields to control the flow and thermal properties of fluid, improving heat transfer. The hydrodynamics of immiscible micropolar fluids are important in a variety of engineering problems, including biofluid dynamics of arterial blood flows, pharmacodynamics, Principle of Boundary layers, lubrication technology, short waves for heat-conducting fluids, sediment transportation, magnetohydrodynamics, multicomponent hydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamic. The effects of Hall current and ions on unstable MHD micropolar liquid over a stretched sheet are described in this article. The coupled nonlinear PDEs are transformed into a system of coupled nonlinear ODEs by implementing appropriate similarity variables. The Galerkin finite element method (G-FEM), a solver built in COMSOL Multiphysics®, is used to solve the coupled nonlinear ODEs numerically. The influence of numerous non-dimensional governing factors on the velocity, angular momentum, temperature, concentration, wall friction, couple stress, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers is presented graphically. The results obtained in this study align closely with previous research findings reported in the literature. The main findings indicate that the secondary velocity profile is primarily reduced before ζ = 1 due to the effect of , βe and . In contrast, δ and λ reduce the secondary velocity profile before ζ = 2. This result shows the instability of the micro-rotation; however, after ζ = 1,2, the micro-rotation becomes stable, and hence, the secondary velocity profile is augmented. Moreover, Ha and m0 also increase the secondary velocity profile. Furthermore, the Nusselt number has degenerated as βe, βi and γ2 parameters augmented. At the same time, Ha, K, Nr, Ec, γ and γ1 parameters increase the Nusselt number. Studying micropolar fluids with Hall-Ions is more relevant when real-world applications are applied in Biofluid dynamics, industrial chemical processes and microfluidics and model of blood flow, analysis of catalysis in porous media, and optimization of heat transfer.
SoidSKIshakAPopI.MHD stagnation-point flow over a stretching/shrinking sheet in a micropolar fluid with a slip boundary. Sains Malays2018; 47(11): 2907–2916.
2.
KumarKASugunammaVSandeepN, et al. Simultaneous solutions for first order and second order slips on micropolar fluid flow across a convective surface in the presence of Lorentz force and variable heat source/sink. Sci Rep2019; 9(1): 14706.
3.
MandalICMukhopadhyayS.Nonlinear convection in micropolar fluid flow past an exponentially stretching sheet in an exponentially moving stream with thermal radiation. Mech Adv Mater Struct2019; 26(24): 2040–2046.
4.
KempannagariAKBurujuRRNaramgariS, et al. Effect of Joule heating on MHD non-Newtonian fluid flow past an exponentially stretching curved surface. Heat Transf2020; 49(6): 3575–3592.
5.
IshtiaqBZidanAMNadeemS, et al. Analysis of entropy generation in the nonlinear thermal radiative micropolar nanofluid flow towards a stagnation point with catalytic effects. Phys Scr2022; 97(8): 085204.
6.
SastryDRVSRKKumarNNKameswaranPK, et al. Unsteady 3D micropolar nanofluid flow through a squeezing channel: application to cardiovascular disorders. Indian J Phys2022; 96(1): 57–70.
7.
AbbasNShatanawiW.Theoretical survey of time-dependent micropolar nanofluid flow over a linear curved stretching surface. Symmetry2022; 14(8): 1629.
8.
RamMSSrinithaBShamshuddinMD, et al. A numerical study of tiny particles experiencing thermal and reaction migration in a micropolar fluid over a stretching sheet with Newtonian heating. Int J Model Simul2023. pp. 1–11. doi: 10.1080/02286203.2023.2274066
9.
RamMSSpandanaKShamshuddinM.Numerical simulation and modelling of steady convective Hiemenz flow of a dissipative micropolar fluid through stretching sheet. Int J Ambient Energy2023; 44(1): 1948–1958.
10.
ShamshuddinMDMaboodFKhanWA, et al. Exploration of thermal Péclet number, vortex viscosity, and Reynolds number on two-dimensional flow of micropolar fluid through a channel due to mixed convection. Heat Transf2023; 52: 854–873.
11.
MaboodFShamshuddinMMishraSR.Characteristics of thermophoresis and Brownian motion on radiative reactive micropolar fluid flow towards continuously moving flat plate: HAM solution. Math Comput Simul2022; 191: 187–202.
12.
ShamshuddinMAgbajeTMAsogwaKK, et al. Chebyshev spectral approach to an exponentially space-based heat generating single-phase nanofluid flowing on an elongated sheet with angled magnetic field. Numer Heat Transf B Fundam2024; 85(2): 159–176.
13.
SinghKPandeyAKKumarM.Slip flow of micropolar fluid through a permeable wedge due to the effects of chemical reaction and heat source/sink with Hall and ion-slip currents: an analytic approach. Propulsion Power Res2020; 9(3): 289–303.
14.
PattnaikPKMishraSRBarikAK, et al. Influence of chemical reaction on magnetohydrodynamic flow over an exponential stretching sheet: a numerical study. Int J Fluid Mech Res2020; 47(3): 217–228.
15.
IshtiaqBNadeemS.Theoretical analysis of Casson nanofluid over a vertical exponentially shrinking sheet with inclined magnetic field. Waves Random Complex Media2022; 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/17455030.2022.2103206
16.
Venkata RamuduACAnantha KumarKSugunammaV, et al. Impact of Soret and Dufour on MHD Casson fluid flow past a stretching surface with convective–diffusive conditions. J Therm Anal Calorim2022; 147: 2653–2663.
17.
ShatnawiTAMAbbasNShatanawiW.Comparative study of Casson hybrid nanofluid models with induced magnetic radiative flow over a vertical permeable exponentially stretching sheet. AIMS Math2022; 7(12): 20545–20564.
18.
HosseinzadehKMardaniMRPaikarM, et al. Investigation of second grade viscoelastic non-Newtonian nanofluid flow on the curve stretching surface in presence of MHD. Results Eng2023; 17: 100838.
19.
Baby RaniCHVedavathiNBalamuruganKS, et al. Hall and ion slip effects on Ag - water based mhd nano fluid flow over a semi infinite vertical plate embedded in a porous medium. Front Heat Mass Transfer2020; 14, 16: 1–11.
20.
DharmaiahGSridharWBalamuruganKS, et al. Hall and ion slip impact on magneto-titanium alloy nanoliquid with diffusion thermo and radiation absorption. Int J Ambient Energy2020; 1–11.
21.
SridharWDharmaiahGAL-FarhanyK, et al. A computational ascertainment of Hall and ion slip implications over a stretched regime with chemical reaction and internal heat source. Int J Ambient Energy2024; 45(1): 2288145.
22.
MaboodFKhanWAIsmailAIM. MHD stagnation point flow and heat transfer impinging on stretching sheet with chemical reaction and transpiration. Chem Eng J2015; 273: 430–437.
23.
MaboodFShateyiSRashidiMM, et al. MHD stagnation point flow heat and mass transfer of nanofluids in porous medium with radiation, viscous dissipation and chemical reaction. Adv Powder Technol2016; 27: 742–749.
24.
MisraJCAdhikarySD.MHD oscillatory channel flow, heat and mass transfer in a physiological fluid in presence of chemical reaction. Alex Eng J2016; 55: 287–297.
25.
AbdelsalamSIBhattiM.The study of non-Newtonian nanofluid with hall and ion slip effects on peristaltically induced motion in a non-uniform channel. RSC Adv2018; 8(15): 7904–7915.
26.
AyubAAsjadMIAl-MalkiMAS, et al. Scrutiny of nanoscale heat transport with ion-slip and hall currenton ternary MHD cross nanofluid over heated rotating geometry. Case Stud Therm Eng2024; 53: 103833.
27.
RameshKTripathiDAnwar BégO, et al. Slip and hall current effects on viscoelastic fluid-particle suspension flow in a peristaltic hydromagnetic blood micropump. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Mech Eng2018; 43: 675-692.
28.
NasrinSIslamMRAlamMM.Hall and ion-slip current effect on steady MHD fluid flow along a vertical porous plate in a rotating system. In AIP conference proceedings, 2019, vol. 2121, no. 1, p.030024. AIP Publishing LLC.
29.
LuPYeQYanX, et al. Hht-based investigation on the two-phase flow regime in the mixer for a nuclear-coupled liquid metal MHD power generation system. J Nucl Sci Technol2023; 60(1): 83–92.
30.
ReddySRRAnki ReddyPB. Thermal radiation effect on unsteady three-dimensional MHD flow of micropolar fluid over a horizontal surface of a parabola of revolution. Propulsion Power Res2022; 11(1): 129–142.
31.
JiangHLiuJLuoSC, et al. Hypersonic flow control of shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions using magnetohydrodynamic plasma actuators. J Zhejiang Univ-Sci A2020; 21(9): 745–760.
32.
HarrisCDKJiaXSlavinJA, et al. Multi-fluid MHD simulations of Europa’s plasma interaction under different magnetospheric conditions. J Geophys Res Space Phys2021; 126(5): e2020JA028888.
33.
HaggertyCCBretACaprioliD.Kinetic simulations of strongly magnetized parallel shocks: deviations from MHD jump conditions. Mon Not R Astron Soc2022; 509(2): 2084–2090.
34.
NishikawaKDuţanIKöhnC, et al. Pic methods in astrophysics: simulations of relativistic jets and kinetic physics in astrophysical systems. Living Rev Comput Astrophys2021; 7(1): 1.
35.
Waleed Ahmad KhanMIjaz KhanMHayatT, et al. Numerical solution of MHD flow of power law fluid subject to convective boundary conditions and entropy generation. Comput Methods Programs Biomed2020; 188: 105262.
36.
WangFAhmadSAl MdallalQ, et al. Natural bio-convective flow of Maxwell nanofluid over an exponentially stretching surface with slip effect and convective boundary condition. Sci Rep2022; 12(1): 2220.
37.
RasoolGZhangT.Characteristics of chemical reaction and convective boundary conditions in Powell-Eyring nanofluid flow along a radiative Riga plate. Heliyon2019; 5(4): e01479.
38.
ShafiqARasoolGKhaliqueCM.Significance of thermal slip and convective boundary conditions in three dimensional rotating Darcy-Forchheimer nanofluid flow. Symmetry2020; 12(5): 741.
39.
RiazABhattiMMEllahiR, et al. Mathematical analysis on an asymmetrical wavy motion of blood under the influence entropy generation with convective boundary conditions. Symmetry2020; 12(1): 102.
40.
AjithkumarMLakshminarayanaPVajraveluK.Diffusion effects on mixed convective peristaltic flow of a bi-viscous Bingham nanofluid through a porous medium with convective boundary conditions. Phys Fluids2023; 35(3): 032008.
41.
YusufTAAshrafMBMaboodF.Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model for three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic flow of an Eyring Powell fluid over an exponentially stretching surface with convective boundary condition. Numer Methods Partial Differ Equ2023; 39(1): 242–253.
42.
IslamNPashaAAJamshedW, et al. On Powell-Eyring hybridity nanofluidic flow based carboxy-methyl-cellulose (CMC) with solar thermal radiation: A quadratic regression estimation. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf2022; 138: 106413.
43.
PashaAAIslamNJamshedW, et al. Statistical analysis of viscous hybridized nanofluid flowing via Galerkin finite element technique. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf2022; 137: 106244.
44.
AkbarNSZamirTAkramJ, et al. Simulation of hybrid boiling nano fluid flow with convective boundary conditions through a porous stretching sheet through Levenberg Marquardt artificial neural networks approach. Int J Heat Mass Transf2024; 228: 125615.
45.
Sher AkbarNZamirTBilalS, et al. Computational study with neural networks to double diffusion in Prandtl thermal nanofluid flow adjacent to a stretching surface design with numerical treatment. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part N2024; 0(0).
46.
AlghamdiMAkbarNSZamirT, et al. Double layered combined convective heated flow of Eyring-Powell fluid across an elevated stretched cylinder using intelligent computing approach. Case Stud Therm Eng2024; 54: 104009.
47.
ShahFAAkbarNSZamirT, et al. Thermal energy analysis using artificial neural network and particle swarm optimization approach in partially ionized hyperbolic tangent material with ternary hybrid nanomaterials. Swarm Evol Comput2024; 91: 101775.
48.
ShahFAZamirTAkbarNS, et al. Levenberg-marquardt design for analysis of maxwell fluid flow on ternary hybrid nanoparticles passing over a riga plate under convective boundary conditions. Results Eng2024; 24: 103502.
49.
KumarASharmaBKSharmaM, et al. Entropy generation optimization for Casson hybrid nanofluid flow along a curved surface with bioconvection mechanism and exothermic/endothermic catalytic reaction. Adv Theory Simul2025; 8: 2401554.
50.
SharmaBKAlmohsenBLarozeD.Intelligent neuro-computational modelling for MHD nanofluid flow through a curved stretching sheet with entropy optimization: Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li approach. J Comput Des Eng2024; 11(5): 164–183.
51.
SharmaBKKumarASharmaM, et al. Solar energy storage optimization using fractional derivative simulations of Maxwell hybrid nanofluid flow: entropy generation analysis. J Comput Des Eng2024; 11(5): 164–183.
52.
SharmaBKKumarAMishraNK, et al. Computational analysis of melting radiative heat transfer for solar Riga trough collectors of Jeffrey hybrid-nanofluid flow: a new stochastic approach. Case Stud Therm Eng2023; 52: 103658.
53.
SharmaBKKumarAAlmohsenB, et al. Computational analysis of radiative heat transfer due to rotating tube in parabolic trough solar collectors with Darcy Forchheimer porous medium. Case Stud Therm Eng2023; 51: 103642.
54.
SharmaPKSharmaBKSharmaM, et al. Influence of magnetohydrodynamics and chemical reactions on oscillatory free convective flow through a vertical channel in a rotating system with variable permeability. Mod Phys Lett B2025; 39(19): 2550050.
55.
Ajith kumarMLakshminarayanaPVajraveluK. Diffusion effects on mixed convective peristaltic flow of a bi-viscous Bingham nanofluid through a porous medium with convective boundary conditions. Phys Fluids2023; 35: 032008.
56.
Meena kumariRLakshminarayanaPVajraveluK, et al. Convective heat and mass transfer analysis on Casson nanofluid flow over an inclined permeable expanding surface with modified heat flux and activation energy. Numer Heat Transf A Appl2023; 86(6): 1515–1534.
57.
Vinodkumar ReddyMLakshminarayanaPVajraveluK, et al. Activation of energy in MHD Casson nanofluid flow through a porous medium in the presence of convective boundary conditions and suction/injection. Numer Heat Transf A Appl2023; 86(5): 1069–1085.
58.
WaqasMFarooqMKhanMI, et al. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection flow of micropolar liquid due to nonlinear stretched sheet with convective condition. Int J Heat Mass Transf2016; 102: 766–772.
59.
CortellR.Viscous flow and heat transfer over a nonlinearly stretching sheet. Appl Math Comput2007; 184(2): 864–873.
60.
SethGSharmaRKumbhakarB.Heat and mass transfer effects on unsteady MHD natural convection flow of a chemically reactive and radiating fluid through a porous medium past a moving vertical plate with arbitrary ramped temperature. J Appl Fluid Mech2015; 9(1): 103–117.
61.
KondaJReddyMNGantedaC, et al. Combined viscous dissipation and joule heating effects on chemically radiative MHD micropolar flow with heat source and convective boundary conditions. Nano-Struct Nano-Objects2025; 41: 101434.
62.
AkbarNSZamirTNoorT, et al. Heat transfer enhancement using ternary hybrid nanofluid for cross-viscosity model with intelligent Levenberg-Marquardt neural networks approach incorporating entropy generation. Case Stud Therm Eng2024; 63: 105290.
63.
KumarASharmaBKMuhammadT, et al. Optimization of thermal performance in hybrid nanofluids for parabolic trough solar collectors using Adams–Bashforth–Moulton method. Ain Shams Eng J2024; 15(12): 103106.
64.
Vara PrasadTRKDRajakumarKVBGovinda RaoT.Hall and Ion slip current influence on unsteady MHD free convective boundary layer flow past a vertical porous plate with thermal radiation and chemical reaction. IOP Conf Ser J Phys Conf Ser2024; 2765: 012017.
65.
SalahuddinTMalikMYHussainA, et al. Combined effects of variable thermal conductivity and MHD flow on pseudoplastic fluid over a stretching cylinder by using Keller box method. Inf Sci Lett2016; 5(1): 11–19.
66.
ReddyMG.Heat generation and thermal radiation effects over a stretching sheet in a micropolar fluid. Int Sch Res Notices2012; 2012(1): 1–6.
