Abstract
The purpose of the European Stroke Organisation–Karolinska Stroke Update Conference is to provide updates on recent stroke therapy research and to give an opportunity for the participants to discuss how these results may be implemented into clinical routine. The meeting started 22 years ago as Karolinska Stroke Update, but since 2014 it is a joint conference with European Stroke Organisation. Importantly, it provides a platform for discussion on the European Stroke Organisation guidelines process and on recommendations to the European Stroke Organisation guidelines committee on specific topics. By this, it adds a direct influence from stroke professionals otherwise not involved in committees and work groups on the guideline procedure. The discussions at the conference may also inspire new guidelines when motivated. The topics raised at the meeting are selected by the scientific programme committee mainly based on recent important scientific publications. This year’s European Stroke Organisation–Karolinska Stroke Update Meeting was held in Stockholm on 11–13 November 2018. There were 11 scientific sessions discussed in the meeting including two short sessions. Each session except the short sessions produced a consensus statement (
Keywords
Session 1: Prehospital management, patient selection
Chair: Heinrich Audebert (Berlin) and Guillaume Turc (Paris). Secretary: Magnus Thoren (Stockholm).
Speakers: Heinrich Audebert (Berlin), Urs Fischer (Bern), Guillaume Turc (Paris).
What is proven (glyceryl trinitrate, oxygen, preconditioning, mobile stroke units)?
Prehospital identification of candidates for mechanical thrombectomy
Because none of the currently published scales has both high sensitivity and specificity and there is no evidence for the superiority of any prediction instrument, we cannot recommend the prioritization of one particular scale over the others. Further efforts are needed to prospectively test and validate the different scores in unselected patients with suspected stroke in the prehospital setting by paramedics (Grade C).
Recommended cut-off level of any triage score depends on the geographic situation and hospital infrastructure. In the proximity of Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) capable stroke centres, we suggest aiming for a highly sensitive triage tool in order to identify most patients with LAO. In areas with long distances to the next MT stroke centre, a high specificity to detect LAO is reasonable (Grade C).
Drip-and-ship versus mothership for thrombectomy
For patients without identified contraindication to Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), if estimated transportation time to a comprehensive stroke centre is considerably longer than transportation to the nearest primary stroke centre (approximately more than 30–45 min), the drip-and-ship model should be considered (Grade C).
Conversely, if the difference in travel time between the nearest primary stroke centre and the nearest comprehensive stroke centre is below 30–45 min, or if contraindications to IVT are suspected in the field (i.e. recent surgery, oral anticoagulation…), direct transportation to the comprehensive stroke centre should be considered if LAO is deemed clinically plausible (Grade C).
We recommend that patients in late time windows (beyond 6h) or with unknown time of symptom onset (wake-up stroke, unwitnessed stroke) have rapid access to advanced imaging (Grade A).
In case of admission to a primary stroke centre, evaluation and treatment for patients with suspected ischaemic stroke must be expeditious but should include brain and intracranial arterial imaging to ensure rapid identification of candidates for secondary transfer to a comprehensive stroke centre. In case of intravenous thrombolysis, the door-to-needle time should be kept as low as possible, ideally below 30 min (Grade C).
The first picture-to-puncture time and the door-in-door-out time in drip-and-ship patients should be as low as possible, ideally less than 90 min and 60 min respectively (Grade C).
Session 2: Acute management of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH)/intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH)
Chair: Charlotte Cordonnier (Lille), Hanne Christensen (Copenhagen). Secretary: Erik Lundström (Stockholm). Speakers: Gabriel J. E. Rinkel (Utrech), Charlotte Cordonnier (Lille), Hanne Christensen (Copenhagen).
1. In patients suspected to have a subarachnoid haemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm, CT scanning of the brain is the first line examination.
2. If CT performed within 6 h after the onset of headache and is read negative by a radiologist experienced in reading brain CT, Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination is not indicated. If CT is performed more than 6 h after onset and negative, lumbar puncture should be performed more than 12 h after headache onset, and CSF examined for bilirubin (Grade B).
3. In patients with SAH, computed tomography angiography (CTA) is a sensible first-line examination to detect an aneurysm (Grade B). According to the local health care system it can be performed in either the local hospital or the neuro-intervention centre.
4. In patients with a perimesencephalic pattern of haemorrhage on CT within three days and a negative CTA, no further imaging is needed (Grade B).
5. In patients with an aneurysmal pattern of haemorrhage and a negative CTA, repeated vascular imaging (CTA or Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)) should be performed within one or two days. If this second imaging is again negative, a third imaging is indicated in the second week after SAH, and if negative again a fourth after three months (Grade C).
1. ICH is a heterogeneous disease and clinicians should identify the underlying cause of the bleeding (Grade C).
2. At admission: CT angiography spot sign predicts haematoma growth but whether treatments tailored to this information may improve outcome remains uncertain (Grade C).
3. At admission: vessel imaging should be performed to detect an underlying cause: CTA/Computed tomography venography (CTV) or Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)/Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) in patients in whom early intervention is considered (Grade C).
4. In patients without identified vascular malformations, brain parenchyma should be explored to see markers of the disease, ideally with MRI (Grade C).
5. In the absence of markers of deep perforating vasculopathy or cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), even in CTA negative patients: conventional DSA should be performed if the benefit/risk ratio of the DSA is acceptable. Conventional DSA should be performed between two and six months after ICH (Grade C).
1. Inclusion window in acute ICH trials aiming at preventing haematoma expansion should be as short as possible and no longer than 4.5 h from ictus (Grade C).
2. As part of future trial protocols, BP should be controlled (≤140 mmHg systolic) (Grade C).
3. Future studies in ICH should include large number of patients, have no upper age limit and include proportional number of women (Grade C).
Session 3: Blood pressure (BP) and glucose control after stroke
Chair: Simona Sacco (L’Alquila), Else Charlotte Sandset (Oslo). Secretary: Marius Matusevicius (Stockholm). Speakers: Georgios Tsivgoulis (Athens), Thorsten Steiner (Heidelberg), Else Charlotte Sandset (Oslo).
Tight glycaemic control with intravenous insulin does not improve stroke outcomes and is associated with increased risk of hypoglycaemia (Grade A).
Hyperglycaemia in acute (<48 h) stroke patients may be treated as any other hospitalised patient with a therapeutic target of 140–180 mg/dL (7.8–10mmol/L) using intravenous insulin therapy. Subcutaneous sliding-scale insulin should be avoided (Grade C).
Hyperglycaemia is associated with adverse outcomes in AIS patients treated with IVT and/or MT and should be corrected with a therapeutic target <140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) before and after treatment with acute reperfusion therapies (Grade C).
Hypoglycaemia (<67 mg/dL or 3.7 mmol/L) in AIS or acute ICH should be actively treated (Grade C).
In AIS patients treated with IVT, we suggest to keep the BP thresholds of the clinical trials: ≤185/110 mmHg before treatment, and of ≤180/105 mmHg for the first 24 h after treatment (Grade C).
In patients treated with endovascular recanalization, we suggest to keep BP pre-, intra- and post-procedural ≤185/110 mmHg. However, we suggest to pursue recanalization therapy irrespective of BP in patients with large vessel occlusions and major neurological deficits (Grade C).
In patient with acute ICH, we recommend to lower BP
Still, after this period, BP should be kept <140 mmHg, because haematoma expansion does occur even after this time (Grade C).
The optimal OTT to impact on clinical outcome may be 2.5 h, but BP should be kept <140 mmHg, because the risk of haematoma expansion exists even after this time (Grade C).
We recommend the use of
In patients with acute ICH and small bleeding volumes we recommend to lower BP as soon and fast as possible to an SBP below 140 mmHg and above 110 mmHg but to avoid SBP reduction of more than 90 mmHg to prevent acute kidney injury (Grade C).
Session 4: Title: Update on work-up and secondary prevention issues 1
Chair: Andreas Charidimou (Boston), George Ntaios (Larissa). Secretary: Tiago Moreira (Stockholm). Speakers: George Ntaios (Larissa), Haralampos Milionis (Ioannina), Marta Rubiera (Barcelona), Robert G. Hart (Hamilton).
A good medical history, physical examination, laboratory testing, a 24-h 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) are the mainstays of cardioembolic source detection (Grade A). Screening of patent foramen ovale (PFO) with bubble test-transcranial Doppler or transoesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) is recommended in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined aetiology despite recommended diagnostic work up, who would be eligible for PFO closure (Grade A). Screening of aortic arch atheroma (AAA) with CTA or TTE is recommended in embolic strokes of undetermined source (ESUS); however, TEE is still the gold standard for AAA evaluation (Grade C). Detection of some minor structural abnormalities on TEE has uncertain therapeutic implications (Grade C). Continuous monitoring of heart rhythm up to 30 days is reasonable in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined aetiology despite recommended diagnostic work up to increase covert atrial fibrillation (AF) detection (Grade A). However, it remains to be firmly established that the increased detection of brief episodes of AF will lead to a reduction in stroke recurrence after adequate treatment (Grade C). Covert AF can be associated with increased brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal-pro-BNP in laboratory tests; atrial ectopic activity, subclinical atrial tachyarrhythmias in Holter–ECG; left atrium enlargement, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, spontaneous left atrium or left atrial apex (LAA) echo-contrast and low LAA emptying velocities in TTE/TEE. These findings should encourage long-term monitoring in ESUS patients (Grade C).
The best current secondary prevention in ESUS patients is antiplatelet treatment (Grade A) ESUS patients are relatively young and have 5% yearly stroke recurrence despite guideline-recommended therapy and thus represent a substantial unmet need in secondary stroke prevention (Grade C). Subgroups of ESUS patients who may benefit from anticoagulation have not yet been validated by clinical trials (Grade C).
Patients with multiple stroke aetiologies represent a significant proportion of the embolic stroke population. The optimal strategy for secondary prevention in these patients is uncertain (Grade C)
We recommend that statins be used as a part of standard secondary prophylactic treatment after an ischaemic stroke or a transient ischaemic attack (TIA). Most benefit was observed with atorvastatin 80 mg (Grade A). Aggressive Intensive lipid lowering therapy with statins plus/minus ezetimibe reduces the risk of stroke in stroke survivors in a LDL-C dependent manner (Grade A). PCSK9 inhibitors represent a therapeutic option on top of statin plus/minus ezetimibe therapy to achieve very low LDL cholesterol target levels (Grade B). The addition of evolocumab was shown to reduce the risk of ischaemic stroke in patients with stabilized cardiovascular disease and the addition of alirocumab reduced the risk of ischaemic stroke in patients with acute coronary syndrome (Grade A). Evolocumab has been reported to reduce atherosclerotic vascular disease (AVD) risk in patients with a previous history of stroke (Grade B) The use of statins in secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke caused by less frequent non-atherosclerotic aetiologies such as arterial dissection and PFO requires further investigations Lipid lowering treatment with statins in combination with lifestyle changes is recommended is the mainstay for primary prevention of ischaemic stroke in patients who have high 10-year risk for cardiovascular events. The patients with diabetes and patients with multiple risk factors appear to benefit the most (Grade A) Statins should be used with caution in patients with previous spontaneous ICH (Grade C). Using high-dose statin regimens in patients with ICH should be decided on an individual patient basis. In a subgroup of patients with CAA-related lobar ICH, statin use should probably be reserved for compelling indications (Grade C) There is no evidence from Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to support the routine use of statins in the acute phase of stroke (first two weeks). However, observational studies do not show an increase in symptomatic ICH in patients previously treated with statins or to whom statin was given within three days after stroke. Statin treatment is thus recommended to start before discharge from hospital after an AIS or at least during follow-up (Grade C).
Session 5: Update on secondary prevention issues 2
Chair: Danilo Toni (Rome) and Christian Pristipino (Rome). Secretary: Maria Lantz (Stockholm).
Speakers: Christina Sjöstrand (Stockholm), Christian Pristipino (Rome), Grethe Andersen (Aarhus) and Peter Schellinger (Minden).
In patients between 60 and 65 years, percutaneous closure plus medical therapy instead of antiplatelet therapy alone can be offered (Grade B).
Percutaneous closure plus medical therapy can be considered in place of antiplatelet therapy alone also for patients aged <18 and >65 years old on an individual basis (Grade C).
Adequately dimensioned randomised clinical trials addressing the comparison between percutaneous closure plus medical therapy versus OAC (vitamin-K antagonists or direct OAC) in carefully characterised patients with cryptogenic cerebrovascular accident and different risk characteristics, should be performed.
We recommend to perform adequately dimensioned head-to-head randomised clinical trials addressing the comparison between single antiplatelet drugs versus OAC (vitamin-K antagonists or Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC)) in patients in which percutaneous closure has been excluded.
Waiting for RCTs, LAA closure might be considered in selected patients with absolute contraindications to OAC/DOAC (Grade C).
LAA closure is safer than OAC in terms of risk of bleeding in the long term, but is less safe in term of short-term complications.
In case of LAA closure in patients at very high risk of intra- and/or extra-cranial bleeding, post-procedural aspirin as single antithrombotic therapy for at least six months or lifelong may be used (Grade C).
Session 6: Clinical stroke trials
Chair: Hanne Christensen (Copenhagen) and Martin Köhrmann (Essen). Secretary: Konstantinos Kostulas (Stockholm). Speakers: Martin Köhrmann (Essen), Georgios Tsivgoulis (Athens).
Effects of age and sex should be reported in all trials (Grade A). Enrolment age limits for randomized controlled trials should be avoided, and enrolment should mirror the sex distribution of the disease being investigated (Grade B) Exclusion criteria for comorbidity and handicap should be designed to exclude only more extreme presentations or specific safety issues (Grade B).
PCM can identify a significant proportion of Ischemic stroke (IS) patients with occult PAF, not detected by conventional cardiac monitoring (Grade A). PCM may have a substantial impact in secondary stroke prevention, through the identification and prompt anticoagulant initiation in IS patients with occult PAF (Grade C). Selection of patients based on clinical and echocardiographic parameters may further enhance the diagnostic utility of PCM, and further increase its cost-effectiveness (Grade C).
Session 8: Post-stroke early mobilisation
Chair: Niaz Ahmed (Stockholm). Speaker: Katharina Sunnerhagen (Göteborg)
The evidence point to that early mobilization is safe in stroke patients but should not be too intense (Grade B).
A progressive adaptation to activities of daily living, such as going to the toilet with assistance (if needed) or sitting in a chair to eat is fine (Grade A).
Patient should be clinically observed and monitored closely and in case they present symptoms noted (Grade C).
Early mobilization after a stroke should be adapted to patient’s clinical and neurological situation (Grade C).
Session 9: Oral anticoagulation and reversal agents after stroke
Chair: Joji Kuramatsu (Erlangen) and Thorsten Steiner (Frankfurt/Main). Secretary: Boris Keselman (Stockholm). Speakers: Andreas Charidimou (Boston), Eleni Korompoki (Athens/London) and Jan Purrucker (Heidelberg).
In acute ICH, reversal of anticoagulation should be started as soon as possible after diagnosis of ICH (Grade B: VKA; Grade C: NOAC).
In VKA–ICH, optimal reversal is achieved by immediate application of four-factor Prothrombine complex concentrate (PCC) (30 IU/kg):
If INR ≥ 2.0 (Grade B). If INR ≥ 1.3 but <2.0, a dose reduction to 10–25 IU/kg (dose depending on the INR) can be considered. (Grade C).
In VKA–ICH, the target INR after reversal is <1.3 (Grade B).
In VKA–ICH, INR should be monitored serially to trigger possible rescue therapy (repeated PCC application) (Grade C).
In VKA–ICH, all reversal treatments should be accompanied by Vitamin K administration (10 mg, i.v.; repeated doses depending on results of sequential INR measurements) (Grade C).
In NOAC–ICH, reversal treatment should not be delayed by waiting for results of coagulation test (Grade C).
In dabigatran–ICH, reversal treatment should be carried out by immediate application of idarucizumab (Bolus 2 × 2.5 g intravenously) (Grade C).
In factor Xa inhibitor–ICH, reversal treatment should be carried out by immediate application of andexanet alfa if marketed or within a study (Grade C).
In factor Xa inhibitors–ICH (if andexanet is unavailable), reversal treatment should be carried out by immediate application of high-dose 4-factor PCC (50 IU/kg) (Grade C).
PCC is not recommended in patients with ICH under dabigatran therapy (Grade C).
In NOAC–ICH, serial plasma concentration measurement is recommended to account for potential rebound effects (Grade C).
In AIS under VKA treatment and otherwise eligible for thrombolysis:
In INR ≤ 1.7: IVT (alteplase) should be administered (Grade C). In INR > 1.7: The current evidence does not support a statement in favour for or against IVT after reversal with PCC (Grade C).
In AIS under NOAC treatment and otherwise eligible for thrombolysis:
Relevant drug concentrations in patients on NOACs must be assumed if Global routine tests (activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT] and/or prothrombin time (PT)/INR) are above normal (Grade C). If calibrated agent-specific tests or the Ecarin clotting time (dabigatran only) indicate concentrations >30 ng/mL. Global routine tests (aPTT and PT/INR) within normal ranges do not exclude relevant drug concentrations and should not be used to guide therapy (Grade C). In case of dabigatran, administration of idarucizumab (Bolus 2 × 2.5 g intravenously) followed by IVT might be considered even without specific laboratory tests (Grade C). In case of factor Xa inhibitors, IVT might be considered without prior reversal if calibrated agent-specific tests indicate NOAC concentration <30 ng/mL (Grade C). Point-of-care testing may accelerate IVT. The following thresholds indicating NOAC plasma levels <30 ng/mL allowing for IVT are currently available for the Hemochron® Signature Elite device only (Grade C). Dabigatran Hemochron® Signature Elite-PT/INR ≤1.1 or Hemochron® Signature Elite-ACT+ ≤100 s. Edoxaban Hemochron® Signature Elite-PT/INR ≤1.4. Rivaroxaban Hemochron® Signature Elite-PT/INR ≤1.0 or Hemochron® Signature Elite-ACT+ ≤120 s. For Apixaban, currently no reliable tests are available.
In selected ICH patients, (re)initiation of OAC compared to no OAC may improve outcomes without increasing the rate of ICH recurrence (Grade C).
NOAC over VKA may offer a safer choice for ICH survivors with NVAF (Grade C).
Re-initiation of OAC in NVAF between the first four to eight weeks from index ICH seems to be safe (Grade C).
Individual decision making on OAC after ICH should consider (Grade C): quality of BP control, age, ICH location, burden of small vessel disease (cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), leukoaraiosis, cortical superficial siderosis, CAA), additional antiplatelet therapy.
The presence of AF might confer enough risk for ischaemic stroke, poor outcomes and mortality to offset the presumed risk of ICH recurrence in selected patients (Grade C). The following parameters can be considered for an individual risk versus benefit stratification, in order of significance based on observational data: uncontrolled hypertension, disseminated Cortical superficial siderosis (cSS), multiple strictly lobar CMB patterns, severe white matter hyperintensities of presumed vascular origin (Grade C). NOACs should preferentially be used over VKA in NVAF (Grade C). In NVAF patients with high bleeding risk LAAO may be an alternative (Grade C).
OAC in patients with evidence of CMBs should not be withheld (Grade C). NOACs should preferentially be used over VKA in NVAF (Grade C).
Session 10: IVT in AIS
Chair: Götz Thomalla (Hamburg) and Robert Mikulik (Brno). Secretary: Michael Mazya (Stockholm). Speakers: Pooja Khatri (Cincinnati), William Whiteley (Edinburg), Götz Thomalla (Hamburg), Eivind Berge (Oslo).
1. For patients with minor stroke considered disabling at assessment, treatment with intravenous alteplase can be considered (Grade A).
2. For patients with minor stroke considered non-disabling at assessment, routine treatment with intravenous alteplase is not recommended (Grade B). In cases considered to be at high risk of neurological deterioration, treatment with intravenous thrombolysis can be considered (Grade C).
2. For patients with AIS beyond 4.5 h from symptom onset, but with no evidence of penumbral mismatch (e.g. patients selected by non-contrast CT only), intravenous alteplase is not recommended (Grade A).
1. Intravenous alteplase is recommended in patients with AIS with an unknown onset time in the presence of a DWI (Diffusion weighted imaging)–FLAIR (Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery) mismatch on acute MRI (i.e. the mismatch between the visibility of an acute ischaemic lesion on DWI in the absence of a visible marked parenchymal hyperintensity on FLAIR in the corresponding area) (Grade B).
2. For patients with AIS with an unknown onset time with presence of a ‘penumbral mismatch’ on MRI or CT perfusion, intravenous alteplase may be considered (Grade C).
3. For patients without access to advanced imaging (MRI or CT perfusion), or those without DWI–FLAIR mismatch and without penumbral mismatch, alteplase is not recommended (Grade C) and enrolment into randomised controlled trials is encouraged.
Session 11: Mechanical thrombectomy
Chair: Gary A. Ford (Oxford) and Joan Marti-Fabregas (Barcelona). Secretary: Åsa Kuntze Söderqvist (Stockholm). Speakers: Diederik W.J. Dippel (Roterdam), Gary A. Ford (Oxford), Satu Mustanoja (Helsinki), Mads Rasmussen (Aarhus).
The effect of immediate thrombectomy, bypassing treatment with IV thrombolysis needs to be addressed in specifically designed randomised trials (not graded).
No preference for general anaesthesia and conscious sedation/local anaesthesia can be recommended when there is no indication for general anaesthesia (Grade C).
Supplemental Material
ESO863606 Supplemental Material - Supplemental material for Consensus statements and recommendations from the ESO-Karolinska Stroke Update Conference, Stockholm 11–13 November 2018
Supplemental material, ESO863606 Supplemental Material for Consensus statements and recommendations from the ESO-Karolinska Stroke Update Conference, Stockholm 11–13 November 2018 by Niaz Ahmed, Heinrich Audebert, Guillaume Turc, Charlotte Cordonnier, Hanne Christensen, Simona Sacco, Else Charlotte Sandset, George Ntaios, Andreas Charidimou, Danilo Toni, Christian Pristipino, Martin Köhrmann, Joji B Kuramatsu, Götz Thomalla, Robert Mikulik, Gary A Ford, Joan Martí-Fàbregas, Urs Fischer, Magnus Thoren, Erik Lundström, Gabriel JE Rinkel, H Bart van der Worp, Marius Matusevicius, Georgios Tsivgoulis, Haralampos Milionis, Marta Rubiera, Robert Hart, Tiago Moreira, Maria Lantz, Christina Sjöstrand, Grethe Andersen, Peter Schellinger, Konstantinos Kostulas, Katharina Stibrant Sunnerhagen, Boris Keselman, Eleni Korompoki, Jan Purrucker, Pooja Khatri, William Whiteley, Eivind Berge, Michael Mazya, Diederik WJ Dippel, Satu Mustanoja, Mads Rasmussen, Åsa Kuntze Söderqvist, Irene Escudero-Martínez and Thorsten Steiner in European Stroke Journal
Footnotes
Acknowledgements
Marius Matusevicius and Boris Kesselman for their assistance with collection and formatting the document, SITS International Coordination members for their active logistic support and Congrex Switzerland Ltd assist in organising the conference. We thank all the participants of the meeting.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: N Ahmed is chair of SITS International, which receives a grant from Boehringer Ingelheim for the SITS-ISTR. T Steiner received research funding from Octapharma, speakers honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS Pifzer, Bayer, Daiichy Sanky, consultancy fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS Pifzer, Bayer, Daiichy Sanky. Götz Thomalla: Dr. Thomalla reports receiving consulting fees from Acandis, grant support and lecture fees from Bayer, lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb/Pfizer, and Daiichi Sankyo, consulting fees and lecture fees from Stryker, funding from the European Union's 7th Framework Programme for Research under grant agreement no. 278276 (WAKE-UP), funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 754640 (TENSION). Robert Mikulik: Dr. Mikulik has received speakers fee from Boehringer Ingelheim. Gary A Ford: Dr. Ford has received speaker honoraria from Amgen, Bayer, Medtronic, and Styker; advisory board fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Medtronic, and Stryker; consultancy fees from Pfizer; and unrestricted educational grants from Medtronic. Joan Martí-Fàbregas: Dr. Martí-Fàbregas reports receiving speaker honoraria/Consultancy from Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS Pfizer, Bayer. H. Bart van der Worp: Dr. Van der Worp reports speaker’s fees from and consultancy for Boehringer Ingelheim. Robert Hart: Dr. Robert Hart reports receiving research support and stipend from Bayer AG. Pooja Khatri: Pooja Khatri’s department has received funding from Genentech (PRISMS trial PI), Lumosa (DSMB, consulting), Cerenovus (ENDOLOW TRIAL IIS), and Nervive (NIH SBIR coinvestigator). Thorsten Steiner: Dr. Thorsten Steiner reports fees for consultation and speaker fees by Bayer, BMS Pfizer, Boehringer, Daiichy Sankyo. ESO receives unconditional grants from several companies: please see 
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Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article: ESO–Karolinska Stroke Update Conference was sponsored by Abbot, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Brainomix, GE Healthcare, Medtronic, SITS International. No funding sources had part in the recommendations and consensus statements, or preparation, review or approval of the recommendations and consensus statements; or the decision to submit the recommendations and consensus statements for publication.
Informed consent
Not applicable.
Guarantor
NA and TS as conference chairs.
Contributorship
Each session's recommendations were prepared by a writing committee consisting of session chair(s), scientific secretary and. IEM and NA drafted the final manuscript. All authors critically revised and edited the manuscript and approved the final version.
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