The objective of this research is to formulate an analytical framework to identify the determinants of business opportunities in the field of female entrepreneurship based on a triple perspective: subjectivist, objectivist and constructive. More specifically, we will try to develop a research model that identifies the factors influencing the process of recognising business opportunities in women’s entrepreneurship in the Tunisian context.
This work is exploratory, and we have adopted a qualitative approach through semi-directive interviews addressed to 12 Tunisian women entrepreneurs.
AhlH. J. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595–621.
2.
AlbertP.BenisonM.GaynorG. (2003). Incubators and business incubators: An international panorama. The Harmattan.
3.
AldrichH.ZimmerC. (1986). Entrepreneurship trough social networks. In SextonD.SmilorR. (Eds.), The art and science of entrepreneurship. Ballinger.
4.
AllaliB. (2008). Culture and management in Morocco: An atypical osmosis. In DavelE.DupuisJ.-P.ChanlatJ.-F. (Eds.), Management in an intercultural context: Approaches, issues, practices and dives. Presses de l’Université Laval and Télé-université.
5.
AnnaA. L.ChandlerG. N.JansenE.MeroN. P. (2000). Women business owners in traditional and non-traditional industries. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(3), 279–303.
6.
AroojZ.AnjumI. (2020). Innovation and the entrepreneurial performance in women-owned small and medium-sized enterprises in Pakistan. Women’s Studies International Forum, 79, 102342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2020.102342
7.
BakkaliC.MesseghemK.SammutS. (2014). Incubator performance: Proposal and validation of a multidimensional measurement model. International SME Review, 27(3–4), 145–171.
8.
Baccari J.E. (2006). The motivations of young people Tunisian entrepreneurs: Exploratory study. 8th Congress on the International Association for Research in Entrepreneurship and SMEs in Fribourg, Switzerland. https://airepme.org/images/File/2006/104_Lesmotivationsentrepreneurialesdesjeunes.pdf
9.
BaumardP.DonadaC.IbertJ.XuerbJ. M. (2003). Data collection and management of data sources. In ThiétartR. A. (Ed.), Management research methods (pp. 224–256), Dunod.
10.
BlissonD.RanaB. K. (2001). The role of entrepreneurial networks: The influence of gender and ethnicity in British SMEs. In 46th ICSB World Conference.
11.
BrahmiH.JellaliM., (2016). Freins et motivations des jeunes entrepreneurs tunisiens: une étude exploratoire. International Journal of Economics and Strategic Management of Business Process, 6, 1–5.
12.
BrushC. G.CooperS. Y. (2012). Female entrepreneurship and economic development: An international perspective. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 24(1–2), 1–6.
13.
CandidaB.AbdulA.DonnaK.PatriciaG. (2017). The influence of human capital factors and context on women’s entrepreneurship: Which matters more? Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 8, 105–113.
14.
CompanysY. E.McMullanJ. S. (2007). Strategic entrepreneurs at work: The nature, discovery and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Small Business Economics, 28, 301–322.
15.
ConstantinidisC. (2011). How do women entrepreneurs use the virtual network Facebook? The impact of gender. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 12(4), 257–269.
16.
CooperA. C. (1981). Strategic management: New ventures and small business. Long Range Planning, 14(5), 39–45.
17.
De BruinA.BrushC. G.WelterF. (2007). Advancing a framework for coherent research on women’s entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 323–339.
18.
De KoningA. (1999). Opportunity formation from a socio-cognitive perspective. UIC/AMA Research Symposium on the Interface of Marketing and Entrepreneurship. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.577.4890&rep=rep1&type=pdf
19.
De KoningA. (2003). Opportunity development: A socio-cognitive perspective. In KatzJ.ShepherdD. (Eds.), Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth (Vol. 6, pp. 265–314). JAI Press/Elsevier.
20.
De TienneD. R.ChandlerG. (2004). Opportunity identification and its role in the entrepreneurial classroom: A pedagogical approach and empirical test. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3(3), 242–257.
21.
DechampG.RomeyerC. (2006). Trajectories of appropriation of the principles of new hospital governance by physicians. XVth International Strategic Management Conference, Annecy/Geneva. http://www.ressma.com/Documentation/BIBLIO/GOUVERNANCE/GOUVERNHOSPIT_M%DAdecins.pdf
22.
DrineI.GrachM. (2012). Supporting women entrepreneurs in Tunisia. The European Journal of Development Research, 24(3), 450–464.
23.
EisenhardtK. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550.
24.
EisenhardtK. M.GraebnerM. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 25–32.
25.
FabbriJ.Charue-DubocF. (2013). An entrepreneurial support model based on apprenticeships within a group of entrepreneurs: The case of La Ruche. Management International, 17(3), 86–99.
26.
FonrougeC.SammutS. (2008). The place of interpersonal relations in the support of business creators. In JaouenA.GundolfK. (Eds.), Les relations interorganisationnelles des PME (pp. 279–300). Hermès Sciences Publication.
27.
GartnerW. B.CarterN.HillsG. E. (2003). ‘The language of opportunity’. In SteyaertC.HjorthD. (Eds.), New movements in entrepreneurship. Edward Elgar.
28.
Gavard-PerretM.-L.GottelandD.HaonC.JolibertA. (2012). Méthodologie de la recherche en sciences de gestion: Réussir son mémoire ou sa thèse. Pearson Education.
29.
GeindreS. (2013). Formal executive network, share capital and business agreement. Congress of the Academy of Entrepreneurship and Innovation (AEI). https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00909624
30.
GeraudelM. (2008). Personal network of the SME manager and access to resources: The moderating role of the personality(PhD thesis in Management Sciences). University of Savoie.
31.
GéraudelM., (2013) Research perspectives on network analyses: An inter-individual, inter-organizational and eco-systemic reading. Habilitation to Lead Research.
32.
GranovetterM. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360–1380.
33.
GungaphulM.KasseanH. (2012). An insight into the networking approaches of women entrepreneurs in Mauritius. In European Business Research Conference Proceedings.
34.
HamoudaA.HenryC.JohnstonK., (2003). The role of networking in the creation and development of women-led businesses: A study of female entrepreneurs in Ireland. 26th ISBA conference on SMEs in the knowledge-based economy, Surrey, Grande-Bretagne.
35.
HamptonA.CooperS.Mc GowanP. (2009). Female entrepreneurial networks and networking activity in technology-based ventures. International Small Business Journal, 27(2), 193–214.
36.
HargadonA. B.DouglasY. (2001). When innovations meet institutions: Edison and the design of the electric light. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 476–501.
37.
HernandezE.-M. (1991). Female entrepreneurship in Côte d’Ivoire: Entrepreneur and enterprise. MMS Review, 5(2), 7–13.
38.
HernandezE. M. (2001). Entrepreneurship–Theoretical approach. Harmattan.
39.
HillsG. E.LumpleinT. G.SinghR. P. (1997). Opportunity recognition: Perceptions and behaviours of entrepreneurs. Frontiers of entrepreneurship research (pp. 203–218). Babson College.
40.
HillsG. E.ShraderR. C.LumpkinG. T. (1999). Opportunity recognition as a creative process. In ReynoldsP. D.BygraveW. D.ManigartS.MasonC.MeyerG. D.SapienzaH. T.ShaverK. (Eds.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research (pp. 216–227), Babson College.
41.
HisrichR. D.PetersM. P. (1991). Marketing decisions for new and mature products (2nd ed.). PrenticeHall.
42.
HughesK. D.JenningsJ. E.BrushC.CarterS.WelterF. (2012). Extending women’s entrepreneurship research in new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(3), 429–442.
43.
ILO. (2016). National assessment of the development of female entrepreneurship. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_emp/—emp_ent/—ifp_seed/documents/publication/wcms_551170.pdf
44.
IsraelD.RonnyM.EstefaniaS. V.Oded.S.AmirS. (2018). Language and market inclusivity for women entrepreneurship: The case of microfinance. Journal of Business Venturing, 33(4), 395–415.
45.
JenningsJ. E.BrushC. G. (2013). Research on women entrepreneurs: Challenges to (and from) the broader entrepreneurship literature? The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 663–715.
46.
JulienP.-A.AndriambelosonE.RamangalahyC. (2002). Networks, weak signals and technological innovation in SMEs in the land transport equipment sector. Proceedings of the 6th International Francophone Congress on SMEs (CIFPME), October, Montreal, Canada. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252550131_Networks_Weak_Signals_and_Technological_Innovations_Among_SME’s_in_the_Land-Based_Transportation_Equipment_Sector
47.
KirznerI. M. (1985), Discovery and the capitalist process, The University of Chicago Press.
48.
KoS.ButlerJ. E. (2007). Creativity: A key link to entrepreneurial behavior. Business Horizons, 50, 365–372.
49.
KogutB.SpicerA. (2002). Capital market development and mass privatization are logical contradictions: Lessons from Russia and the Czech Republic. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(1), 1–36.
50.
KruegerN. F. (2000). The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 24(3), 5–23.
51.
LavoieD. (1988). Women entrepreneurs: For a renewed Canadian economy. Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women.
52.
Le Loarne-LemaireS.BlancoS. (2012). Innovation management. Pearson Education.
53.
LebègueT. (2011). The entrepreneurial process of women in France(PhD thesis in Management Sciences). University of Brest.
54.
LebègueT.PaturelR. (2008). From intention to business creation for women: Transformations in self-image, consequences on the temporality of the project. 9th International Francophone Congress in Entrepreneurship and SMEs. https://airepme.org/images/File/2008/C11.pdf
55.
Levy-TadjineT.PaturelR. (2006). An attempt at trialogical modeling of the entrepreneurial phenomenon, in strategy in all its states. Mixtures in honor of Mr. Marchesnay (pp. 311–321). EMS.
56.
LiaoJ.WelschH. (2005). Roles of social capital in venture creation: Key dimensions and research implications. Journal of Small Business Management, 43(4), 345–362.
57.
LongW.McMullanW. E. (1984). Mapping the new venture opportunity identification process. In HornadayJ. A.TardleyF. A.TimmonsJ. A.Vesper K. H. (Eds.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, 567–591. Babson College.
58.
MagdalenaS. O.RocíoG. G. (2017). Motivations and decisive factors in women’s entrepreneurship. A gender perspective in education and professional guidance. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 237, 1265–1271.
59.
MankelowG.MundieF.ThompsonM. J.(2002June 16–19).The role of network by Australian small business owners(pp. 16–19). Proceedings of the 47th Congress of the International Council for Small Business. San Juan, Porto Rico. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9pflhVOKMWBWFV4Y0ktSFZMNEU/view
60.
ManolovaT. S.BrushC. G.EdelmanL. F. (2008). What do women entrepreneurs want? Strategic Change, 17(3–4), 69–82.
61.
MaurelD. (2010). Sense-making: A model for the construction of reality and the apprehension of information by individuals and groups. Communication Studies, 2(35), 31–46.
62.
MaxwellJ. A. (2012). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach: An interactive approach. SAGE Publications.
63.
MesseghemK.SammutS.ChabaudD.CarrierC.ThurikR. (2013). Entrepreneurial support, an industry in search of performance levers? Management International, 17(3), 65–71.
64.
MorrisM. H.MiyasakiN. N.WattersC. E.CoombsS. M. (2006). The dilemma of growth: Understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 221–244.
65.
OECD. (2014). Women and enterprise 2014: Accelerating entrepreneurship development in the Middle East and North Africa Region. OECD Publication. http://doi.org/10.1787/9789264227521-fr
66.
PalysT. (2008). Purposive sampling. In GivenL. M. (Ed.), The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods (Vol. 2, pp. 697–698). SAGE Publications.
67.
PaoloD. M.RodneyJ. T. (2018). Entrepreneurial opportunity pursuit through business model transformation: A project perspective. International Journal of Project Management, 36(7), 968–979.
68.
PieterS.Bettina B.B. (2015). Exploring the roles of women in the development of multifunctional entrepreneurship on family farms: an entrepreneurial learning approach. NJAS—Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 74–75, 41–50.
69.
RenzulliL. A.AldrichH.MoodyJ. (2000). Family matters: Gender, networks, and entrepreneurial outcomes. Social Forces, 79(2), 523–546.
70.
Ribes-GinerG.Moya-ClementeI.Cervelló-RoyoR.Perello-Marin. M.R. (2018). Domestic economic and social conditions empowering female entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Research, 89, 182–189.
71.
Richomme-HuetK.d’AndriaA. (2013). Entrepreneurial support by and for mumpreneurs, Management International, 17(3), 100–111.
72.
Richomme-HuetK.VialV. (2014, May). Women entrepreneurs in France. Communication presented at the AEI / AIREPME Entrepreneurship and SMEs Day: challenges and perspectives, Marseille. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312012776_Women_entrepreneurs_in_France
73.
RuefM.AldrichH. E.CarterN. M. (2003). The structure of founding teams: Homophily, strong ties, and isolation among US entrepreneurs. American Sociological Review, 68, 195–222.
74.
SalvadorM. R.GasparB. (2016). Abilities and skills as factors explaining the differences in women entrepreneurship. Suma de Negocios, 7(15), 38–46.
75.
SantoniJ.BarthI. (2014). The role of the network in the development of female entrepreneurship: The case of an entrepreneurial centre within a business school (Vol. 2, pp. 81–113). @ GRH.
76.
SchumpeterJ. A. (1912[1934]). The theory of economic development(English translation published in 1934). Harvard University Press.
77.
SchumpeterJ. A. (1974). The theory of economic development. Oxford University Press.
78.
ShackleG. L. S. (1961). Decision, order and time. Cambridge University Press.
79.
ShaneS. (2000). Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11(4), 448–469.
80.
ShaneS.VenkataramanS., (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of study. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226.
81.
ShepherdD. A.DeTienneD. R. (2001). Discovery of opportunities: Anomalies, accumulation and alertnesss. In BygraveW. D.AutioE.BrushC. G.DavidssonP.GreenP. G.ReynoldsP.SapienzaH. J. (Eds.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research (pp. 138–148). Babson College.
82.
SinghR. P. (2000). Entrepreneurial opportunity recognition through social networks. Garland Publishing.
83.
SmithK. G.GregorioDi D. (2003). Bisociation, discovery, and the role of Entrepreneurial Action. In HittM. A.IrelandR. D.CampS. M.SextonD. L. (Eds.), Strategic entrepreneurship, creating a new mindset (pp. 129–150). Blackwell Publishers.
84.
StewartA. (1990). The bigman metaphor for entrepreneurship: A ‘library tale’ with morals on alternatives for further research. Organization Science, 1(2), 143–159.
85.
SujaR. N. (2019). The link between women entrepreneurship, innovation and stakeholder engagement: A review. Journal of Business Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.06.038
86.
TreanorL.HenryC. (2010). Gender in campus incubation: Evidence from Ireland. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 2(2), 130–149.
87.
TremblayM.CarrierC. (2006). Development of research on the collective identification of business opportunities: foundations and perspectives», Entrepreneurship Review, 5(2), 69–88.
88.
UcbasaranD.WestheadP.WrightM.BinksM. (2003). Does entrepreneurial experience influence opportunity identification? The Journal of Private Equity, 7, 7–14.
89.
VaghelyI. P.JulienP. (2010). Are opportunities recognized or constructed? An information perspective on entrepreneurial opportunity identification. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(1), 73–86.
90.
VenkataramanS. (1997). The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. In KatzJ.BrockhausR. (Eds.), Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth (Vol. 3, pp. 119–138). JAI Press.
91.
VesperK. H. (1990). New ventures strategies (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.
92.
WardT. B. (2004). Cognition, creativity and entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Venturing, 19(2), 173–188.
93.
WilliamM.LauraC. (2019, May). Business as family, family as business: Female entrepreneurship in Kampala, Uganda. Geoforum, 101, 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.03.003
94.
YetimN. (2008). Social capital in female entrepreneurship. International Sociology, 23(6), 864–885.
