The Impact of Preventive Dental Services on Subsequent Dental Treatment for Children in Medicaid

Abstract

Objective:

The goal of this study was to use claims data linked with community-level measures to evaluate the impact of preventive services on the time to subsequent restorative, advanced restorative, and complex dental treatment among children enrolled in the Virginia Medicaid program.

Methods:

Four data sources were used (dental claims, eligibility files, American Community Survey, and Area Health Resource Files) for fiscal years 2011 to 2018. The outcomes of interest were time to first treatment services from birth. The treatment outcomes were basic restorative treatment, advanced restorative treatment, or complex treatment. The independent variable was a preventive service prior to a treatment service. Time-to-event curves were estimated and compared using a log-rank test. Propensity score–matched univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards frailty models with an inverse probability censoring weighting correction estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for treatment outcomes comparing use of preventive services while controlling for patient demographic, geospatial, and county-level socioeconomic status measures.

Results:

The analysis included 430,594 children (10,204,182 claims). A log-rank test showed significant differences (P < 0.001) between the times to treatment of those who had a preventive service and those who did not have a preventive service prior to a treatment service. Both Kaplan–Meier curves and the adjusted HR (1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46–2.15) indicated that children without preventive services were more likely to have basic restorative treatment at an earlier age along with advanced restorative treatment (HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.28–1.80) and complex treatment (HR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.68–2.61).

Conclusions:

In a population of Medicaid-enrolled children, children who did not receive preventive services were significantly more likely to have treatment at an earlier age than those who did receive preventive services.

Knowledge Transfer Statement:

This study examines the impact of the utilization of preventive dental services since birth and the subsequent dental treatment for children enrolled in a dental Medicaid program. This study also examines the influence of preventive care on dental complexity of treatment for these children. Findings can inform federal and state policy planning of dental Medicaid programs as well as interventions to improve referral systems for the early use of preventive dental services and the establishment of a dental home.