Abstract
Background
Pediatric nursing is rapidly evolving with the integration of innovative technologies aimed at improving healthcare delivery and outcomes for children.
Objectives
To map the extent and characteristics of pediatric nursing literature on (1) virtual reality (VR) for procedural care, (2) telehealth models, (3) artificial intelligence (AI)-supported diagnostics, (4) technology-enabled obesity interventions, and (5) digital mental-health tools; and to identify outcomes studied, populations/settings, study designs, and research gaps.
Methods
A scoping review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines was conducted. Peer-reviewed articles published from 2010 to 2024 were retrieved from PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were studies involving pediatric populations and addressing one of the specified technologies or interventions.
Results
Twenty-five studies were included. VR was effective in reducing procedural pain and anxiety. Telehealth improved care access, especially in underserved areas. AI-supported early diagnosis of diseases such as congenital heart defects. Nursing interventions for childhood obesity were most effective when multidisciplinary and personalized. Digital tools helped pediatric patients manage mental health conditions associated with chronic illness. However, gaps exist in long-term effectiveness, scalability, and integration.
Conclusions
Emerging technologies in pediatric nursing offer substantial benefits but require further validation and structured implementation. Future research should focus on standardizing protocols, assessing cost-effectiveness, and addressing equity in access.
Introduction
Background
Technological innovation has become an essential driver of change in pediatric nursing, transforming how nurses assess, monitor, and support children and their families. Advances such as virtual reality (VR), telehealth, artificial intelligence (AI), digital mental-health tools, and technology-enabled obesity interventions are reshaping pediatric care delivery, education, and research. These technologies have demonstrated potential to enhance engagement, reduce anxiety, improve accessibility, and optimize clinical decision-making in child health settings (Alotaibi et al., 2022; Bradshaw et al., 2021). Yet, despite rapid growth in this area, the nursing perspective within this evolving digital landscape remains fragmented and inconsistently documented.
Scoping reviews play a critical role in mapping emerging evidence where topics are complex, heterogeneous, or conceptually broad. Because innovations in pediatric nursing span multiple designs, populations, and outcomes, a scoping review design is appropriate to chart the breadth of existing evidence and identify gaps requiring deeper empirical inquiry (Arksey & O’Malley, 2005; Levac et al., 2010; Peters et al., 2021; Tricco et al., 2018). Unlike systematic reviews, which test narrowly defined interventions, a scoping approach emphasizes mapping key concepts, study characteristics, and research patterns. This orientation aligns with the exploratory purpose of the present review.
Rationale for the Review
Existing reviews have explored discrete aspects of pediatric technology, for example, VR for procedural pain management, telehealth models for chronic-disease follow-up (McConnochie, 2019), AI-driven clinical-decision tools (Topol, 2019), or digital mental-health applications (Hollis et al., 2017). However, no review has comprehensively mapped the range of innovative technologies adopted within pediatric nursing practice across multiple domains. Moreover, most prior reviews have focused on effectiveness rather than scope, leaving unanswered questions about which outcomes have been studied, in which populations and settings, and how nursing roles intersect with digital transformation. Addressing these questions will help clarify research priorities and educational implications for the pediatric nursing workforce.
Operational Definitions
For clarity, VR refers to immersive, computer-generated environments that engage children through visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli, commonly used for distraction or procedural anxiety reduction. Telehealth encompasses synchronous or asynchronous digital communication enabling remote assessment, consultation, and follow-up care (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2018). AI includes machine-learning systems that support clinical judgment, prediction, or workflow automation in pediatric settings (Topol, 2019). Digital mental-health tools refer to mobile or web-based programs designed to promote emotional well-being or monitor mental-health symptoms in youth (Hollis et al., 2017). Finally, technology-enabled obesity interventions involve mobile apps, wearables, or tele-coaching platforms integrating behavioral monitoring or feedback to support healthy weight management (Ng et al., 2020). These operational boundaries guided our inclusion criteria.
Need for the Review
Pediatric nurses increasingly navigate digital platforms that extend care beyond traditional clinical settings. However, adoption remains uneven across regions and specialties, reflecting variations in digital literacy, infrastructure, and policy support. Understanding the existing evidence base will inform workforce development, clinical guidelines, and future research agendas aimed at integrating technology safely and effectively into pediatric nursing practice. Accordingly, this review aims to map the extent, characteristics, and research gaps within five innovation domains: VR, telehealth, AI, digital mental-health tools, and technology-enabled obesity interventions to provide a consolidated overview of emerging trends and their implications for pediatric nursing.
Review of Literature
Previous literature demonstrates increasing integration of innovative technologies within pediatric nursing practice, particularly across domains of VR, telehealth, AI, digital mental-health tools, and technology-supported obesity interventions. Earlier studies have consistently shown that VR is effective in reducing procedural pain, distress, and anxiety among children, particularly during invasive procedures such as venipuncture and wound care (Gold & Montgomery, 2019; Wang et al., 2021). However, most investigations have focused on short-term outcomes, with limited attention to long-term feasibility, implementation challenges, and sustainability in routine pediatric nursing workflows.
Telehealth has emerged as a major strategy for improving access and continuity of pediatric care, especially for children with chronic conditions and those in remote or underserved regions (Bashshur et al., 2020; McConnochie, 2019). Evidence indicates improvements in caregiver satisfaction, follow-up adherence, and care coordination. Nevertheless, disparities in digital access, technological literacy, and infrastructure readiness continue to affect equitable implementation across healthcare settings.
AI applications in pediatric healthcare have shown promise in early diagnosis, predictive modeling, and clinical decision support, particularly for conditions such as congenital heart disease and developmental disorders (Johnson & Smith, 2022; Topol, 2019). Despite these advances, literature addressing the specific role of pediatric nurses in AI-assisted care remains limited, and concerns regarding transparency, reliability, and ethical governance persist.
Digital mental-health technologies have been increasingly used to support psychological well-being and symptom management among children with chronic illnesses (Hollis et al., 2017; Johnson & Williams, 2019). While improvements in emotional regulation and coping have been reported, heterogeneity in outcome measures and intervention designs limits comparative interpretation. Furthermore, integration into routine pediatric nursing care and long-term effectiveness remain insufficiently explored.
Technology-enabled obesity interventions incorporating mobile health applications, wearable devices, and tele-coaching have demonstrated improvements in lifestyle behaviors and short-term weight outcomes in pediatric populations (Hergenroeder & Himes, 2019; Ng et al., 2020). However, evidence remains limited regarding long-term sustainability, cultural adaptation, and integration into community and school-based pediatric nursing programs.
Overall, the existing literature highlights significant progress in digital innovation within pediatric nursing, yet it remains fragmented across intervention types, outcomes, and implementation contexts. Variability in reporting of nursing roles, lack of standardized outcome measures, and limited longitudinal evaluation underscore the need for comprehensive mapping of evidence. These gaps justify the present scoping review, which aims to systematically map the breadth and characteristics of emerging technologies and identify priority areas for future pediatric nursing research.
Methods
This scoping review followed the methodological framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley (2005), refined by Levac et al. (2010), and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR; Tricco et al., 2018) and Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) 2021 guidance (Peters et al., 2021). The purpose was to map the range and characteristics of evidence on innovative technologies and interventions in pediatric nursing and to identify research gaps within five domains: VR, telehealth, AI, digital mental-health tools, and technology-enabled obesity interventions.
Protocol and Registration
The review protocol was not registered on a public repository because the study was initiated retrospectively after the completion of data collection and synthesis. However, all methodological steps were strictly adhered to the PRISMA-ScR and JBI 2021 guidelines to ensure transparency, reproducibility, and methodological rigor. The authors maintained a detailed internal record of the search strategy, inclusion criteria, and data-charting process, which is available upon request. Future scoping reviews conducted by the authors will be prospectively registered to further enhance methodological transparency.
Eligibility Criteria
Studies were included if they met the following criteria:
Studies were excluded if they were editorials, conference abstracts, opinion papers, nonnursing studies, or did not involve technology-enabled interventions. To ensure conceptual coherence, only technology-supported obesity interventions (e.g., mobile applications, wearable devices, or tele-coaching platforms) were included.
Information Sources and Search Strategy
A comprehensive search was conducted in CINAHL, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO from January 2013 to March 2024. Search terms combined controlled vocabulary (e.g., MeSH) and keywords related to pediatric nursing and innovation domains (e.g., “pediatric,” “child health,” “nursing,” “virtual reality,” “telehealth,” “artificial intelligence,” “digital health,” “mental health app,” “obesity,” and “wearable”).
An initial pilot search in MEDLINE and CINAHL was undertaken to refine terms and ensure sensitivity before applying the final strategy to all databases.
Reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews were also screened for additional publications.
Study Selection
All retrieved records were exported to EndNote for duplicate removal, followed by import into Rayyan for screening. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts against the inclusion criteria. A calibration exercise involving 50 records was conducted before formal screening to ensure consistency. Disagreements were resolved through discussion, and a third reviewer was available for adjudication if consensus was not reached. Inter-rater reliability was not statistically calculated because discrepancies between reviewers were minimal and were resolved through discussion. Consensus was achieved for all included studies without the need for third-party arbitration.
A total of 520 records remained after duplicates were removed, of which 460 were excluded at various stages for not meeting inclusion criteria—primarily due to being nonnursing studies, adult populations, nontechnological interventions, or non-English papers. Detailed exclusion reasons are summarized in Supplemental Table S2. The study-selection process is illustrated in the PRISMA flow diagram (Figure 1).
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram of study selection process.
Data Charting and Extraction
A standardized data-charting form was developed based on JBI guidance. Extracted variables included: author, year, country, study design, sample size, setting, population, type of technology, intervention aim, outcomes measured, and key findings. Data were extracted by one reviewer and independently verified by another to ensure accuracy. Any discrepancies were resolved by consensus.
Data Analysis and Synthesis
Extracted data were summarized descriptively and grouped by the five predefined domains: VR, telehealth, AI, digital mental-health tools, and technology-enabled obesity interventions. Within each domain, we mapped study characteristics, populations, outcomes, and designs, identifying patterns and gaps rather than evaluating intervention effectiveness.
Trends by publication year and geographical region were visualized (Figures 2 and 3), while detailed study characteristics (design, sample size, outcomes, and follow-up) are provided in Supplemental Table S1. No formal quality appraisal or risk-of-bias assessment was conducted, consistent with scoping-review methodology.
Distribution of included studies by publication year (2015–2023), demonstrating a steady increase in publications on innovative technologies in pediatric nursing over the past decade.
Geographic distribution of included studies by World Health Organization (WHO) region, showing predominance of research from the Americas and Europe, with limited representation from the Eastern Mediterranean and African regions.
Critical Appraisal of Individual Sources of Evidence
Consistent with scoping review methodology, no formal critical appraisal or risk of bias assessment was conducted. The purpose of this review was to map the breadth of existing literature rather than evaluate the methodological quality of included studies.
Results
Study Characteristics
A total of 25 studies were included in this scoping review, published between 2015 and 2024 across diverse regions, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, China, Australia, and Saudi Arabia. The characteristics of the included studies are summarized in Table 1. Most studies employed quantitative or mixed-method designs and were conducted in hospital, community, or outpatient pediatric settings.
Summary of Key Included Studies (n = 25).
Note. AI = artificial intelligence; BMI = body mass index; RCT = randomized controlled trial; VR = virtual reality. Summary of key included studies representing five innovation domains: VR, telehealth, artificial intelligence, digital mental health, and technology-enabled obesity interventions. Full details are provided in Supplemental Table S1.
Sample sizes ranged from small pilot projects (n < 30) to large multicenter trials (n > 300). The studies addressed five innovation domains: VR for pain and anxiety management, telehealth for care accessibility, AI for early diagnosis, digital mental-health tools for children with chronic illness, and technology-enabled obesity interventions.
Detailed study characteristics are provided in Supplemental Table S1 and reasons for full-text exclusions are summarized in Supplemental Table S2.
VR for Pediatric Pain and Anxiety Management
Five studies evaluated VR as a nonpharmacological distraction method for pediatric pain and anxiety reduction. Across these studies, VR consistently demonstrated short-term benefits in reducing self-reported pain and distress during invasive procedures such as venipuncture, immunization, and burn dressing.
For instance, Wang et al. (2021) found significant pain reduction compared to standard care, while Gold and Montgomery (2019) observed decreased reliance on pharmacologic analgesia.
However, most studies were single-session interventions with limited sample sizes, and few assessed long-term feasibility or cost-effectiveness, indicating an area for future inquiry.
Telehealth in Pediatric Nursing Practice
Six studies explored telehealth as a model for extending pediatric nursing care, particularly in underserved or remote regions. Telehealth enhanced care accessibility, continuity, and parental satisfaction (Dunlop & Hinton, 2020), while the American Academy of Pediatrics (2018) and Bashshur et al. (2020) emphasized its scalability challenges related to infrastructure, privacy, and staff training.
Evidence mapping indicates that nurses frequently act as coordinators and educators in telehealth programs, supporting self-management and remote monitoring. Nonetheless, variations in technological readiness and limited integration with electronic health records hinder broader adoption.
Additionally, wearable devices and mobile health applications were increasingly integrated into telehealth models for chronic disease management. Studies by Saba and Xu (2021) and Sharma and Miller (2022) demonstrated that such tools enhanced real-time monitoring and patient engagement, though challenges related to device usability, parental involvement, and data integration into electronic health records persisted.
AI in Early Diagnosis
Four studies investigated AI-based tools for improving early detection of pediatric conditions. AI demonstrated enhanced sensitivity and diagnostic precision for congenital heart disease (Firth & Cooper, 2021) and earlier identification of autism spectrum disorders (Johnson & Smith, 2022).
While promising, most AI studies were proof-of-concept models lacking large-scale validation or standardized nursing roles in data interpretation.
Ethical concerns around data use and algorithmic bias were noted but rarely addressed empirically, representing a key gap in nursing-focused AI research.
Technology-Enabled Obesity Interventions
Six studies addressed nursing-led, technology-enabled interventions for managing childhood obesity, including wearable devices, mHealth apps, and tele-coaching platforms. Interventions promoting family centered behavioral modification and nurse-led lifestyle education produced significant short-term improvements in body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and dietary behaviors (Barlow & Ludwig, 2020; Hergenroeder & Himes, 2019). Nevertheless, most studies lacked long-term follow-up and cultural adaptation for diverse populations. The mapping underscores the need for sustainable frameworks linking digital obesity management with school and community nursing programs.
Digital Mental-Health Interventions
Four studies examined digital tools supporting the mental well-being of children with chronic conditions. Interventions such as mobile therapy apps, online cognitive-behavioral programs, and peer-support platforms yielded improvements in coping skills, self-efficacy, and emotional regulation (Johnson & Williams, 2019; Walker & Sharpe, 2020). However, outcome heterogeneity and variable follow-up periods limited comparative interpretation. Few studies analyzed nurses’ roles in supporting engagement or equity of access for children in low-resource settings.
The evidence suggests digital mental-health tools hold potential for nursing practice but require standardized outcome measures and long-term evaluation.
Cross-Domain Synthesis
Across domains, evidence mapping revealed that innovative technologies in pediatric nursing have expanded beyond acute symptom control to encompass preventive and developmental care. Nurses functioned predominantly as implementers and facilitators, but rarely as co-designers or evaluators of technological tools. Several cross-cutting research gaps were identified, including limited longitudinal evaluation of outcomes, minimal economic and cost-effectiveness analysis, uneven levels of digital literacy among pediatric nurses, and insufficient exploration of ethical, cultural, and accessibility dimensions. Overall, although technological integration is accelerating, its systematic and sustainable implementation in pediatric nursing practice remains in its early stages.
Discussion
This scoping review synthesized evidence on five domains of innovation in pediatric nursing VR, telehealth, AI, digital mental-health tools, and technology-enabled obesity interventions to map how these technologies are transforming pediatric care delivery. The discussion integrates the key findings from these domains, highlights cross-cutting trends, and positions the results within existing literature and professional implications.
Integration of Technology Into Pediatric Nursing Practice
The review confirms a progressive integration of digital and technology-assisted care across pediatric settings, aligning with global priorities for digital transformation in healthcare. Consistent with the World Health Organization's (WHO, 2023) digital-health strategy, innovative tools are being adopted to improve access, safety, and patient engagement.
VR and telehealth demonstrated the most mature evidence base, providing immediate clinical benefits for pain relief and accessibility. These findings echo earlier reports by Wang et al. (2021) and Bashshur et al. (2020), who similarly identified improved patient satisfaction and reduced anxiety among children.
By contrast, AI and digital mental-health tools remain emergent, often limited to feasibility or pilot studies, underscoring the need for methodological strengthening and replication across contexts.
Clinical and Professional Implications
Across domains, nurses primarily functioned as facilitators or implementers rather than as co-designers of technologies. This pattern mirrors earlier critiques of digital adoption in nursing (Alotaibi et al., 2022), emphasizing the necessity of enhancing digital literacy, critical appraisal skills, and leadership roles for nurses in innovation processes.
Embedding technological competence within undergraduate and continuing nursing education could enable pediatric nurses to confidently integrate digital solutions, assess their clinical appropriateness, and ensure ethical use of patient data.
Furthermore, collaborative implementation frameworks linking nurses with technologists, educators, and policymakers are essential to move from pilot-scale innovation to sustainable clinical practice.
Evidence Gaps and Methodological Challenges
Despite encouraging findings, the mapping revealed substantial gaps in the evidence base. First, few studies included longitudinal follow-up, limiting the understanding of sustained behavioral or physiological outcomes. Second, the heterogeneity of outcome measures, particularly in digital mental-health and obesity interventions, hindered comparison and meta-synthesis. Third, economic evaluations and cost-effectiveness analyses were largely absent, although such data are crucial for policy adoption and scalability.
Finally, there remains a geographical imbalance: most studies originated from high-income countries, with minimal representation from the Middle East, Africa, and South-East Asia, where cultural adaptation and resource constraints may influence feasibility.
Ethical and Equity Considerations
Ethical and equity dimensions emerged as underexplored across nearly all domains. Issues of data privacy, parental consent, and algorithmic bias were acknowledged but rarely empirically examined. Children represent a uniquely vulnerable population; therefore, integrating ethical safeguards, transparent data governance, and parental engagement frameworks should be mandatory components of technology-based pediatric research. Moreover, ensuring equitable access to digital interventions, particularly in low-resource or rural settings, remains a pressing challenge. Without addressing these disparities, the expansion of digital health could inadvertently widen inequities in pediatric outcomes.
Synthesis Across Domains
When viewed collectively, these domains represent a shift from reactive, treatment-focused nursing care toward proactive, technology-supported, and preventive approaches. Innovations such as VR and AI are enhancing real-time decision-making, while telehealth and mHealth tools are redefining continuity of care beyond the hospital environment.
This convergence signals the emergence of a digitally enabled model of pediatric nursing, one that integrates evidence-based practice, family centered care, and technology-driven monitoring within a holistic framework.
Research and Policy Recommendations
Based on the identified evidence gaps, several priorities are necessary to advance the integration of digital innovation in pediatric nursing. Future research should focus on developing standardized outcome frameworks and consistent reporting guidelines for pediatric digital interventions to enhance comparability across studies. Longitudinal and multisite investigations are needed to evaluate sustainability, long-term clinical outcomes, and real-world effectiveness. In addition, economic and implementation-focused studies are essential to inform healthcare policy and support scalable and sustainable adoption of digital technologies. Strengthening digital-health competencies within undergraduate nursing education and continuing professional development will be critical to prepare the pediatric nursing workforce for technology-integrated care. Furthermore, ethical governance and equity-oriented frameworks must be established to address data privacy, accessibility, cultural inclusivity, and algorithmic transparency. Collectively, addressing these priorities will strengthen the translation of technological innovation into measurable, safe, and equitable improvements in pediatric nursing practice.
Summary of Discussion
Overall, this review highlights both the promise and the current limitations of digital innovation in pediatric nursing. While technologies such as VR and telehealth are yielding measurable patient benefits, the field still requires robust evaluation frameworks, ethical clarity, and strategic nurse involvement to ensure sustainable integration.
Pediatric nursing stands at a pivotal moment, shifting from early adoption toward critical, evidence-based digital transformation. By aligning technological innovation with nursing values of compassion, safety, and family partnership, future pediatric care can achieve both technological excellence and humanistic integrity.
Implications for Practice
The findings of this scoping review have several implications for pediatric nursing practice. Successful integration of emerging technologies requires strengthening digital literacy and technological competence among pediatric nurses. Education and continuing professional development programs should incorporate training on telehealth delivery, digital monitoring tools, and safe use of AI in clinical decision-making.
Pediatric nurses play a crucial role in supporting family engagement, identifying barriers to technology use, and promoting equitable access to digital healthcare. Nurses are uniquely positioned to address disparities related to digital literacy, access, and socioeconomic differences, ensuring inclusive and patient-centered care.
Implementation of digital innovations must also prioritize governance and safety, including data privacy, ethical use of AI, and standardized clinical protocols. Interdisciplinary collaboration among nurses, technologists, educators, and policymakers is essential to support sustainable and effective integration of digital health tools into pediatric nursing practice.
Strengths and Limitations
This review has several strengths. It provides a comprehensive mapping of emerging technological innovations across five domains of pediatric nursing. The use of PRISMA-ScR and JBI methodological guidance ensured transparency and rigor throughout the review process. The review also highlights interdisciplinary implications and identifies critical research gaps relevant to pediatric nursing practice and education.
However, some limitations should be acknowledged. Grey literature and non-English publications were excluded, which may have introduced publication bias. Considerable heterogeneity existed among study designs, populations, and outcome measures, limiting direct comparison across studies. Additionally, no formal quality appraisal was conducted, consistent with scoping-review methodology. Despite these limitations, this review provides valuable insight into emerging technological trends in pediatric nursing.
Conclusion
This scoping review demonstrates that emerging technologies, including VR, telehealth, AI, digital mental-health tools, and technology-enabled obesity interventions, are increasingly transforming pediatric nursing practice. These innovations show significant potential to improve symptom management, enhance access to care, strengthen patient and family engagement, and support early diagnosis and preventive care across diverse pediatric settings. However, the evidence base remains heterogeneous, with variability in outcomes, limited long-term evaluation, and inconsistent reporting of nursing roles in technology-supported care.
To ensure sustainable and effective integration, future research should prioritize standardized outcome frameworks, longitudinal evaluation of clinical and behavioral outcomes, and implementation studies that assess feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and scalability across healthcare contexts. Strengthening digital competencies among pediatric nurses and embedding technological literacy into nursing education will be essential to support safe and confident use of digital innovations. Additionally, policy and practice frameworks must address ethical governance, data privacy, equity of access, and cultural inclusivity to prevent widening disparities in pediatric healthcare.
Overall, digital innovation represents a pivotal shift in pediatric nursing toward technology-enabled, patient-centered, and preventive care. With continued methodological strengthening, ethical oversight, and nurse-led leadership in digital transformation, emerging technologies have the potential to produce meaningful, equitable, and sustainable improvements in pediatric health outcomes.
Supplemental Material
sj-docx-1-son-10.1177_23779608261433684 - Supplemental material for Innovations in Pediatric Nursing: Emerging Technologies Including Virtual Reality, Telehealth, Artificial Intelligence, and Digital Mental Health—A Scoping Review
Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-son-10.1177_23779608261433684 for Innovations in Pediatric Nursing: Emerging Technologies Including Virtual Reality, Telehealth, Artificial Intelligence, and Digital Mental Health—A Scoping Review by Shimmaa Mansour Moustafa Mohamed in SAGE Open Nursing
Supplemental Material
sj-docx-2-son-10.1177_23779608261433684 - Supplemental material for Innovations in Pediatric Nursing: Emerging Technologies Including Virtual Reality, Telehealth, Artificial Intelligence, and Digital Mental Health—A Scoping Review
Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-son-10.1177_23779608261433684 for Innovations in Pediatric Nursing: Emerging Technologies Including Virtual Reality, Telehealth, Artificial Intelligence, and Digital Mental Health—A Scoping Review by Shimmaa Mansour Moustafa Mohamed in SAGE Open Nursing
Footnotes
Funding
The author disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at the University of Bisha through the Fast-Track Research Support Program.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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References
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