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Abstract

Introduction

Empowerment is an important motivator for clinical instructors to develop organizational citizenship behaviors. Job engagement may serve as a moderator, amplifying the impact of empowerment on organizational citizenship behavior.

Objective

This study examines the effect of job participation as a mediator between empowerment and organizational citizenship behavior among clinical teachers at nursing technical institutes.

Methods

This cross-sectional analytical study was performed on a convenience sample of 161 clinical instructors from six technical nursing institutes connected with five Egyptian Universities. For data collection, a self-administered questionnaire, including measures for assessing job engagement, empowerment, and citizenship behavior, was employed. This ran till November 2019, starting in June.

Results

Most clinical instructors had a high level of job involvement (82%), 72.0% had high empowerment score, and 55.3% had high citizenship behavior. Empowerment, job involvement, and citizenship scores were positively correlated. The female gender predicted empowerment positively. The workplace was also a powerful predictor of job engagement and empowerment ratings. Importantly mediated the link between empowerment and citizenship behavior was occupational engagement.

Conclusions

Employment participation was a crucial moderator of the link between autonomy and citizenship behavior. The nursing institutes’ administration needs to empower clinical instructors with more autonomy and participation in decision making through psychological support and fair salaries. It is proposed that an additional study be conducted to assess the efficacy of empowerment initiatives as a pathway to job engagement, resulting in higher civic behavior among clinical instructors.

Keywords

job involvement empowerment organizational citizenship behavior clinical instructors nursing technical institutes

Introduction

Nursing is both an art and science. Nursing as a science entails a corpus of abstract information, and nursing as an art entails the innovative use of this knowledge to help others. It is important to strike a balance when instructing nursing students between the information learned in theoretical classes and how to apply that theory in a clinical situation (Bifftu et al., 2018).

Instructors are an integral part of any educational institution. They play an important role in the education system and their proficiency, novelty, and development can lead to the success of an organization (Cheasakul & Varma, 2016). It is, therefore, beneficial to an institution if its teachers are empowered. Due to continuing hospital restructuring and regulatory change, nurses face many obstacles in the healthcare sector. The current competitive setting of Higher Educational Institutions in the country requires extra effort from its faculty members to comply with the requirements of the Office of Commission on Higher Education (Bifftu et al., 2018).

Review of Literature

The clinical instructors are an essential link between the academic program and clinical practice. The clinical learning experience provides students with an opportunity to consolidate knowledge and apply this knowledge to actual patient care situations, it helps students to acquire professional and personal skills, enhance students’ problem solving, and communication skills (Tsai & Wu, 2010).

In order to be effective in their role, clinical instructors also need skills as empowerment and job involvement. Empowerment is the process of increasing the capacity of individuals or group to make choices and to transform those choices into desired action and outcomes (Sethi & Mittal, 2016).

Early, Spreitzer (1995) conceptualized empowerment as a motivational construct encompassing meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact components. It is fundamental for successful and efficient achievement at work to foster clinical instructors’ trust in the organization and its management by reducing boundaries between them and their direct leaders and top management (Saban et al., 2020; Simsek, 2020). As a motivation tool, it fosters clinical instructors’ job involvement (Andika & Darmanto, 2020). The issues on empowerment, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and job involvement of clinical instructors are always a major concern for managers of any health institutes (Anggreyani & Satrya, 2020).

The notion of job involvement has become an essential promoter for clinical instructors’ personal development, leading them towards the achievement of organizational goals and enhancing/her satisfaction with the work (Ekmekci, 2011). Thus, job participation was found to be a major predictor of clinical teachers’ intention to stay in an organization, as well as their organizational commitment, favorable attitudes regarding the job, and ethical or citizenship conduct (Aleinein, 2016; Permarupan et al., 2013).

OCB first appeared in the late 1970s and was formally characterized in the 1980s (Ocampo et al., 2018). It refers to any behavior aimed at sustaining and supporting the work environment socially or psychologically that an employee undertakes optionally and that is not mandated by their routine work duties (Cem-Ersoy et al., 2015). OCB was significantly and positively correlated with clinical instructors’ autonomy and empowerment (Suriansyah et al., 2019). It has been shown to have close and significant associations with clinical instructors’ organizational trust and job satisfaction (Özlük & Baykal, 2020). It has also been linked to clinical instructors’ perception of ethical leadership (Huang et al., 2021), moral work climate, and social responsibility (Altuntaş et al., 2021). A positive perception of work experience and work environment can have a positive effect on engagement and professional efforts in tasks (Mohamed et al., 2022).

The empowerment is a popular term used in discussions about education and educational leadership. Research indicates that empowering teachers will significantly influence their OCB which will then yield positive changes within the educational institution. OCB has received a lot of attention from researchers with the view that clinical instructors play a significant role in the overall success of the institutes (Posadas et al., 2020).

Clinical teaching is at the fundamental of the nursing profession with almost 50% of nursing educational programs devoted to this topic. At the clinical teaching stage, students gain the required experience by learning clinical skills and taking up opportunities to apply their theoretical knowledge into practice through mental, motor, and social skills necessary for the delivery of patient care. Clinical instructor plays an essential role in the production and training of competent nurses. Students observed the behavior of their clinical instructors and adopt those behaviors in their future lives (Ismail & Baza, 2020).

The cross-sectional study, which was conducted by Al-Hussein (2020), reported that the total psychological empowerment and total job satisfaction and their domains had an acceptable level, from another side, total psychological empowerment and its domains had significant relations with total job satisfaction and its domains.

Objective

The current study aimed to assess the effect of job involvement in mediating the relationship between empowerment and OCB among clinical teachers at nursing technical institutes.

Research Hypothesis

H1: Empowerment of clinical instructors leads to higher organizational citizenship behavior.

H2: Job involvement of clinical instructors leads to improve organizational citizenship behavior and empowerment.

Methods

Research design : A cross-sectional analytical research design was conducted from November 2021 to Jan 2022.

Settings : The research was conducted at six nursing technical institutes connected with five Egyptian Universities. These were the technical nursing institutes at Menia, Suez-Canal, Mansoura, Ain-Shams, and Zagazig Universities. This latter University included, in addition, the specialized nursing in Famous.

Subjects : During the study, a convenience sample of 161 clinical instructors worked in these study settings. These included 12 instructors from Zagazig University, five from Zagazig University (Fakous), 19 from Suez-Canal University, 32 from each Mansoura and Ain-Shams University, and 61 from Menia University. Clinical professors on leave of any kind were barred from participating. The sample size was designed to estimate any correlation coefficient of .25 or higher among the three research primary variables at a 95% level of confidence and an 80% study power. The required sample size, according to Hulley et al. (2013), was 123. This sample was increased to 161 to account for an expected non-response rate of around 20%. To recruit individuals, a successive non-probability sampling technique was used.

Data collection tools : Data was gathered via a self-administered questionnaire. It included a component for participants’ demographic information as well as three measures to evaluate job involvement, empowerment, and citizenship behavior. Personal variables adapted through Hendy et al. (2023) such as age, gender, place of residence, marital status, qualification, experience years, and work institute and department.

Tool I: Job Involvement Scale: Kanungo (1982) created it to assess the level of job participation. It comprises ten items: “The most important things that happened to me involved my work; I used to live, eat, and breathe my job; Most of my interests were centered around my job.” Each item receives a 7-point Likert scale response: “strongly disagree, disagree, somewhat disagree, neither agree nor disagree, somewhat agree, agree, and strongly agree.”

Scoring: The responses were scored 1 to 7, respectively, so a higher score shows more job involvement. The 10-item scores were added together, and the total was standardized by dividing by the number of items so that the scale's total score ranged between 1 and 7. For quantitative analysis, means, standard deviations, medians, and first and third quartiles were figured out. The scale was dichotomized into two categories for categorical analysis: low (includes strongly disagree, disagree, somewhat disagree, neither agree nor disagree) and high (has somewhat agree, agree, and strongly agree).

Tool II: Psychological Empowerment Scale: Spreitzer (1995) developed it to measure empowerment. It includes 12 items categorized into four dimensions, each having three items. These are: (1) meaning as “My work activities have a personal meaning to me”; (2) competence as “I have confidence in my ability to do my work”; 3) self-determination as “I can decide for myself how I should tackle my work”; and (4) impact as “I have considerable influence in what goes on within my department.” On a 5-point Likert scale, the responses are as follows: “Totally disagree, disagree, no opinion, agree, and totally agree.”

Scoring: The items were scored on a scale of 1 to 5, with a higher score showing greater empowerment. The scores of the items in each dimension and the overall scale were added up, and the total was standardized by dividing by the proper number of elements, resulting in a total scale score ranging from 1 to 5. For quantitative analysis, means, standard deviations, medians, and first and third quartiles were decided. For categorical analysis, the scale was dichotomized into two levels: Low (includes totally disagree, disagree, and no opinion) and high (has agree and totally agree).

Tool III: Podsakoff et al. (1990) developed the Organizational Citizenship Behavior Measurement Scale to assess related elements of nurses’ discretionary and voluntary additional work efforts that reflect their OCB. The scale consists of 24 items that address five categories of organizational citizenship practices. These are examples of altruism (five items as “I help others who have been absent”; conscientiousness (five items as “Attendance at work is above the norm for me”; sportsmanship (five items as “I consume a lot of time complaining about trivial matters”; courtesy (five items as “I take steps to try to prevent problems with other workers”; and civic virtue (four items as “I attend a meeting that is not mandatory, but is considered.” The responses were on a five-point Likert scale, “strongly disagree, disagree, no opinion, agree, and strongly agree.”

Scoring: The items were graded on a scale of 1 to 5. The negative items were reverse scored, so that a higher score indicates better citizenship. The scores of the items in each dimension and the overall scale were added up, and the total was standardized by dividing by the proper number of elements, resulting in a total scale score ranging from 1 to 5. For quantitative analysis, means, standard deviations, medians, and first and third quartiles were determined. The scale was dichotomized into two categories for categorical analysis: low (including strongly disagree, disagree, and no opinion) and high (has agree and strongly agree).

Validity of the tools : The data gathering tools are standardized and have excellent validity and reliability (Blau, 1985; Kanungo, 1982; Kumar & Shah, 2015; Uner and Turan, 2010). The tools were translated into Arabic using altranslate-back-translate, as suggested by Sireci et al. (2006). The prepared questionnaire was then reviewed by a panel of five experts in nursing administration (two assistant professors from Zagazig University, two professors from Ain-shams University, and one from Suez-Canal University). They rigorously reviewed the tool for relevance and clarity. Their comments were helpful in fine-tuning the tool.

The dependability of the three tools was also evaluated in this study. This was conducted by evaluating their internal consistency. With Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.878 for the job participation scale, 0.833 for the empowerment scale, and 0.783 for the citizenship behavior scale, they proved high levels of dependability.

Pilot study : The instruments’ reliability, practicality, and application were evaluated on 16 clinical instructors (10% of the sample) from the study settings. It has also aided in calculating the amount of time needed for data collecting. Because no significant changes were needed, the tools were completed, and the participants were included in the primary study sample.

Fieldwork: After getting official authorization, the researcher went to the study locations, met with clinical instructors, and gave them a brief introduction to the nature of the study. Eligible ones were invited to take part. Those who provided oral consent were given a data collection form and instructions on how to complete it. The researcher gathered the completed forms and verified their accuracy. Individually, each participant required 15–25 min to complete the form. To avoid anyone being swayed by others, the researcher was always present to guarantee that the forms were filled out without any interactions during the process. When an explanation was required, the researcher acted impartially. The data gathering strategy was used for 6 months, from the beginning of June 2019 to the end of November 2019.

Administrative design : An official letter from Suez Canal University's Dean of the Faculty of Nursing to the directors of the technical institutes of nursing, requesting permission to collect data for the study. The letters included the study's purpose and a photocopy of the data collection form. This helped in getting their cooperation during the fieldwork.

Ethical considerations : The study protocol was approved by the research ethics committee in the Faculty of Nursing at Suez Canal University. The participants were clearly informed about the study's purpose and procedures. The anonymity of any obtained information was ensured by coding every data. Participants were guaranteed of confidentiality and that the information gathered would not be used outside of this study without their permission. Participation was made available, and the ability to decline or withdraw without explanation was guaranteed. In the investigation, no dangerous procedures were performed or utilized. All communication methods with the researcher were identified to return for any explanation.

Statistical analysis : SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used for data entry and statistical analysis. Data for qualitative factors were reported in frequencies and percentages, whereas quantitative data were presented in means and standard deviations, medians, and interquartile ranges. This later illustrates the spread of the varied data points around the median. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was derived to assess the tools’ reliability by examining their internal consistency. The Spearman rank correlation was employed to examine the correlations between quantitative and ranking variables. Multiple linear regression analysis and an analysis of variance for the entire regression models were performed to determine the independent predictors of the scores of job involvement, empowerment, and citizenship behavior. The Sobel test was used to determine whether the indirect effect of empowerment on citizenship behavior differed substantially from zero in order to detect the mediator function of job involvement. A p-value < .05 was used to determine statistical significance.

Results

The study sample included 161 clinical instructors, mean age was 38.1 ± 6.2 years and a female majority (92.5%) (Table 1). Slightly over three-fifth (61.5%) of them had bachelor's degrees in nursing, with the remaining carrying higher degrees. Their experience ranged from 2 to 30 years, with a median of 13.0 years. They were mostly married (71.4%) and living in urban areas (75.2%). The sample included participants from various nursing departments ranging between 12.5% from Maternity/newborn and 26.1% from medical-surgical departments.

Table 1.

Demographic Characteristics of Clinical Instructors in the Study Sample (n = 161).

	n	%
Age
Mean ± SD	38.1 ± 6.2
Gender
Male	12	7.5
Female	149	92.5
Nursing qualification
Bachelor	99	61.5
Master	41	25.5
Doctorate	21	13.0
Nursing technical institute
Zagazig (Famous)	5	3.1
Zagazig University Suez Canal University Mansoura University Ain Shams University Menia University	12 19 32 32 61	7.5 11.8 19.9 19.9 37.9
Department
Medical-surgical	42	26.1
Community health	39	24.2
Mental/psychiatric	9	24.2
Pediatrics	29	18.0
Nursing administration	22	13.7
Maternity/newborn	20	12.5
Marital status
Unmarried	46	28.6
Married	115	71.4
Residence
Rural	40	24.8
Urban	121	75.2
Experience years
<10	49	30.4
10 +	112	69.6
Range	2.0–30.0
Mean ± SD	13.0 ± 5.8
Median	13.0

As displayed in Table 2, a majority (82%) of the clinical instructors possessed a high level of job involvement, with the first quartile of 5.00 showing that at least three-fourths of them had a response “somewhat agree” or higher. Regarding empowerment, the table shows that the highest median score war meaning (4.33), while self-determination and impact had the lowest median scores (3.00). 72.0% of them had a high score of empowerments. Concerning citizenship, the median scores ranged between 3.00 for sportsmanship and 4.80 for altruism. 55.3% had a high level of citizenship behavior.

Table 2.

Clinical Instructors’ Scores of Empowerments, Job Involvement, and Citizenship.

	Scores
	Agree (high)		Mean	SD	Median	Quartiles
	No.	%	Mean	SD	Median	1st	3rd
Job involvement (max = 7)	132	82.0	5.62	0.71	5.60	5.00	6.10
Empowerment (max = 5)
Meaning	157	97.5	4.39	0.47	4.33	4.00	5.00
Competence	138	85.7	4.18	0.63	4.00	3.67	5.00
Self-determination	57	35.4	3.20	0.94	3.00	2.67	4.00
Impact	53	32.9	3.20	1.19	3.00	3.00	4.00
Total	116	72.0	3.74	0.57	3.75	3.42	4.08
Citizenship (max = 5)
Altruism	160	99.4	4.62	0.40	4.80	4.40	5.00
Conscientiousness	127	78.9	4.19	0.49	4.20	4.00	4.60
Sportsmanship	18	11.2	3.16	0.62	3.00	2.80	3.60
Courtesy	155	96.3	4.40	0.42	4.40	4.00	4.80
Civic virtue	113	70.2	4.07	0.72	4.25	3.50	4.50
Total	89	55.3	4.10	0.64	4.20	3.80	4.60

Table 3 displays statistically significant positive connections between levels of empowerment, work involvement, and citizenship. The strongest relationship was seen between job involvement and empowerment ratings (r = .329 and p-value <.01). The lowest correlation was between citizenship and empowerment scores (r = .205 and p-value <.01). There is also a substantial positive link between citizenship scores and the level of qualification of clinical instructors at r = .192 and p-value <.05

Table 3.

Correlation Matrix of Empowerment, Job Involvement, Citizenship Scores, and Participants’ Characteristics.

	Correlation coefficient (Spearman's rank)
	Empowerment	Job involvement	Citizenship
Empowerment	1.000
Job involvement	.329**	1.000
Citizenship	.205**	.316**	1.000
Age	.102	−.001	.080
Qualification	.075	.080	.192*
Experience years	.092	.001	.057

*Statistically significant at p < .05; ** Statistically significant at p < .01.

The female gender was discovered as a statistically significant positive predictor of the empowerment score in the multivariate analysis (Table 4). Working in Menia or Ain Shams University institutes is a significant positive predictor of this score compared to working in Zagazig University institutes. This workplace element was also found to be a substantial positive predictor of job involvement and empowerment. Meanwhile, the nursing instructor's level of qualification and the job involvement score were significant positive predictors of the citizenship score.

Table 4.

For the Empowerment, Job Involvement, and Citizenship Scores, the Best Fitting Multiple Linear Regression Model was Found.

	Un-standardized Coefficients		Standardized coefficients	T-test	p-value	95% Confidence interval for B
	B	Std. Error	Standardized coefficients	T-test	p-value	Lower	Upper
Job involvement score
Constant	3.83	0.35		11.016	< .001	3.15	4.52
University (reference: Zagazig)	0.10	0.04	0.20	2.498	.014	0.02	0.18
Empowerment score	0.35	0.10	0.28	3.591	<.001	0.16	0.54
r-square = .15 Model ANOVA: F = 14.95, p < .001 Variables entered and excluded: age, gender, qualification, marital status, residence, experience, department
Empowerment score
Constant	2.41	0.35		6.967	<.001	1.73	3.09
University (reference: Zagazig)	0.16	0.03	0.38	5.190	<.001	0.10	0.22
Female gender	0.31	0.16	0.14	1.977	.050	0.00	0.63
r-square = .15 Model ANOVA: F = 14.86, p < .001 Variables entered and excluded: age, qualification, marital status, residence, experience, department
Citizenship score
Constant	2.21	0.38		5.777	<.001	1.45	2.96
Qualification level	0.14	0.07	0.16	2.106	.037	0.01	0.27
Job involvement score	0.30	0.07	0.33	4.499	<.001	0.17	0.43
r-square = .14 Model ANOVA: F = 13.15, p < .001 Variables entered and excluded: age, gender, marital status, residence, experience, department, empowerment score

A mediator analysis was performed to explain the function of job involvement in the relationship between empowerment and citizenship (Table 5). The results revealed that job involvement was a significant mediator of this relationship, indicating an important whether indirect effect of the empowerment score as an independent variable on the citizenship score as a dependent variable via the impact of the job involvement score as a mediator.

Table 5.

Mediator Effect of Job Involvement (M) Between Empowerment (IV) and Citizenship (DV).

	Model
	Beta coefficient(Std. error)	p-value
Empowerment (IV) on job involvement (M)	0.44 (0.09)	<.001*
Empowerment (IV) on citizenship (DV)	0.22 (0.09)	<.001*
Job involvement (M) on citizenship (DV)	0.28 (0.07)	<.001*
Sobel test p-value		.002*

IV = independent variable; DV = dependent variable; M = mediator.

Sobel test: tests whether the indirect effect of the IV on the DV via the mediator differs significantly from zero.

*Statistically significant at p < .05.

Discussion

The current study assessed the effect of job involvement in mediating the relationship between empowerment and OCB among clinical teachers at nursing technical institutes. Research hypothesis suggests that empowerment of clinical instructors leads to higher OCB, also job involvement of clinical instructors leads to improve OCB and empowerment.

The current study found substantial positive relationships between the scores of nursing clinical instructors on job involvement, empowerment, and OCB. Job participation acts as a mediator between empowerment and OCB. The findings result in the acceptance of the research hypothesis.

Most clinical instructors in the current study showed high levels of job involvement, as evidenced by high median scores. This shows that most of these clinical instructors identify themselves in their jobs, which is important in their feeling more satisfied with their work-life. The finding is under Dartey-Baah et al. (2019), whose study on leadership, OCB, and job involvement showed that most participants had high levels of job involvement.

According to the results of the current study, the workplace was the only characteristic affecting the scores of job involvement. Thus, its scores varied significantly among technical institutes affiliated with different universities. This might be explained by the work environment and climate, as well as the work organization and relationships. Added to this is the variation among universities and institutions, which became more prominent following the recent changes in university reforms, giving more autonomy to individual institutions, as pointed out by Maassen et al. (2017). The effect of work climate and environment on OCB has been observed in research in Brazil (Araujo & Figueiredo, 2019) and the United States (Qiu et al., 2020).

It was also shown that the empowerment score is strongly and favorably associated to the job involvement score. It was discovered as an independent positive predictor of employee engagement in the multivariate study. The finding is totally credible given the favorable influence of empowerment on organizational commitment and a sense of belonging to the workplace, both of which drive job involvement. Dartey-Baah et al. (2019) showed a substantial link between job involvement and empowerment scores, which is consistent with this. A Chinese study found that empowerment predicted teachers’ job involvement positively (Ma et al., 2021).

The current study also found that almost three-fourths of clinical instructors had high levels of empowerment. The empowerment dimensions with the highest score were that of the meaning. The dimensions of self-determination and impact had the lowest scores. This reflects the lack of autonomy at work and the absence of participation in decision making experienced by these clinical instructors. In congruence with this, the literature emphasizes the importance of autonomy for clinical instructors and educators to provide them with more trust and self-confidence to organize their work and make their own decisions (Andrews, 2019; Hemmings & Kay, 2015), and this would promote their feelings of responsibility and belonging (van Lankveld et al., 2016).

Concerning the factors influencing clinical instructors’ empowerment, the present study identified workplace, and gender as significant independent predictors. As regards gender, female instructors seem to be more empowered in comparison with their male counterparts. This might be related to the higher seniority and longer years of experience of female instructors compared with the male instructors, whose start of entry into the nursing career was more recent. To support this, in a study by Ryghaug et al. (2018) on creating energy citizenship in nursing staff, most participants were females.

OCB was the third key variable evaluated in this study. More than half of them received a high score, according to the results. The finding is consistent with the findings of Cooper (2018), who conducted a study on citizenship, inequality, and difference. According to the findings, more than half of the participants showed a high level of organizational citizenship.

In the present study, the highest score in citizenship behavior was in the dimension of altruism, while the lowest was in the sportsmanship dimension. The high altruism score reflects instructors’ helping attitudes through encouraging beginners, solving problems, and helping get work resources, which might be prevalent in the study settings. Sportsmanship refers to more tolerance for others’ errors and organizational problems, avoiding tension at work, and not exaggerating problems (Podsakoff et al., 2000). The sportsmanship dimension, in agreement with the current study, was the citizenship dimension had the lowest score in a study in Iran (Jafarpanah & Rezaei, 2020).

In terms of the factors influencing nurse teachers’ citizenship behavior scores, the current study found a substantial positive link between the level of certification and this score. The qualification level was discovered as an important independent positive predictor of citizenship score in the multivariate study. This is expected given the positive effect of academic attainment along with the maturation and accumulated experience. The results agreed with Biagioli et al. (2018), whose study in Italy found a positive association between nurses’ professional attainment and OCB.

The employment involvement score was discovered as a substantial independent positive predictor of the citizenship behavior score in the current study's multivariate analysis. The finding could be attributed to the fact that a clinical instructor who is deeply involved in their job would be more helpful to colleagues and co-workers and more tolerable to pitfalls and work problems, to maintain the organization's high prestige. A study in Italy found that job involvement was critical in influencing clinical instructors’ OCB (Han et al., 2020).

The primary goal of this study was to investigate the function of job involvement as a mediator between empowerment and citizenship. The results of the survey confirmed this mediator's role in job involvement. As a result, a more empowered employee will be more involved in the job, which will develop their corporate citizenship behavior. Kariuki & Kiambati (2017) agree with the findings. They reported that nurses’ job involvement and organizational commitment played a similar mediation function in the connection between OCB and empowerment.

Recommendations

The nursing institutes’ administration needs to pay more attention to clinical instructors, empowering them through psychological support and fair salaries to increase their perception of organizational justice. They need more autonomy and active participation in decision making, which would improve their job involvement and consequent better citizenship behavior. These subjects need to be addressed in more depth in nursing education. More study is advised to investigate the efficacy of empowerment initiatives as a path to job involvement, resulting in greater citizenship in clinical instructors’ behavior. More study is recommended to investigate the efficacy of empowerment initiatives as a path to job involvement, resulting in greater citizenship in clinical instructors’ behavior.

Strength of study: The researcher conducted the study at different settings at Egypt, so can generalize the results at Egypt.

Limitation of the study: There are some limitations in this research which also must be highlighted since it is always important to identify the limitations that will provide an advance understanding and permit continuous enhancement and improvement of the research's quality. Although the sample size of current study is 161, respondents are adequate to obtain sufficient statistical results, but it is better to take a larger sample for better analysis. As this study is totally new as far as geographic region is concerned and very limited work is earlier done in the banking sector all over the world, so, it is necessary to conduct future studies with wider sample size and also takes different departments of the banking sector.

Conclusion

The scores of empowerments, job involvement, and citizenship behavior of clinical nursing instructors are positively correlated. Job involvement plays a mediator role between empowerment and OCB scores.

Footnotes

Acknowledgement

Researchers appreciate the participation of studied subjects.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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Job Involvement as a Mediating Factor Between Empowerment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Among Clinical Instructors at Nursing Technical Institutes

Abstract

Introduction

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keywords

Introduction

Review of Literature

Objective

Research Hypothesis

Methods

Results

Discussion

Recommendations

Conclusion

Footnotes

Acknowledgement

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

References