Abstract
Background:
Shared medical appointments (SMAs) are clinical visits in which several patients meet with 1 or more providers at the same time.
Objective:
To describe the outcomes of an interdisciplinary SMA for veterans recently discharged for heart failure (HF).
Methods:
A retrospective chart review for patients’ readmission rates, survival, medication adherence, and medication-related problems. For qualitative outcomes, we performed semistructured interviews on 12 patients who had undergone HF SMAs and their respective caregivers focusing on care satisfaction, HF knowledge, disease self-care, medication reconciliation, and peer support.
Results:
The cohort comprised 70 patients—49% had left ventricular function <40% and 50% were prescribed >10 medications. Medication-related problems occurred in 60% of patients. Interviews revealed overall satisfaction with HF-SMA, but patients felt overwhelmed with HF instructions, perceived lack of peer support and self-efficacy, and feelings of hopelessness related to HF.
Conclusion:
Shared medical appointments are well-perceived. Medication problems and need for medication management are prevalent along with patient’s lack of self-efficacy in HF care. Multiple HF-SMA visits may be needed to reinforce concepts, reduce confusion, and garner peer support.
Keywords
Introduction
Heart failure (HF) is a chronic, burdensome disease that has significant clinical and public health implications. It is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality worldwide, costing 1% to 2% of the total health-care budget in developed countries (1). In the United States, approximately 5.1 million Americans are diagnosed with HF and over 650 000 more new diagnoses occur every year (2). In 2009, 1 in 9 deaths in the United States cited HF as a contributing cause and half of Americans with HF die within 5 years of diagnosis (3). It is estimated that HF population will increase by 46% to over 8 million in 2030. Annual health care for HF is estimated to cost US$32 billion and projected to cost US$70 billion by 2030 (4). Given the rising costs and complex nature of HF care including polypharmacy, depression, comorbidities, and frailty of patients, targeted efforts to prevent deterioration of health status in HF, recurrence of HF hospitalizations, and the need for system redesign of chronic care delivery such as shared medical appointments (SMAs) may be beneficial (5 –8).
Group medical visits or SMAs are defined as visits in which several patients meet with 1 or more providers at the same time (9). Shared medical appointment should be distinguished from a “class” or educational based-interventions in which clinical monitoring of health status, medications, and case management occur in the former but not the latter. Shared medical appointments have been conducted across a large variety of institutions, mainly integrated health systems such as Kaiser Permanente, Harvard Vanguard, Cleveland Clinic, and the Veterans Affairs Health System due to its efficiency and potential for cost savings (10). Shared medical appointments have been utilized for a variety of medical conditions, such as diabetes, asthma, addiction, multiple sclerosis, macular degeneration, and hypertension (10 –12). Heart failure is a chronic disease for which the SMA model may offer significant benefits, but there are few published reports regarding outcomes of SMA in patients with HF (11,12).
Various tailored interventions improved patient’s chronic disease control, and the most common intervention in HF management was patient education (13). Peer support, which can be defined as a way to give and receive help by a person who has similar experiences of a common condition or specific behavior, has improved outcomes in chronic illnesses such as diabetes (14). A recent study with patients having HF and telephonic peer support with optional group education sessions with a HF-trained nurse practitioner showed perceived benefit of peer support (15). Given the target intervened population of being military veterans, we expected that these patients with a common chronic illness, recent hospitalizations, and shared military experience would enhance social peer support in a group setting such as SMAs. Education interventions that promote skills for home monitoring can also improve self-care for HF and knowledge (10,16) and would be easy to provide in an SMA setting.
We propose that a nonphysician-based multidisciplinary SMAs for HF may be an efficient method to complement physician-based care by conducting disease management through providing patients with the appropriate resources, improvement of medication optimization, and promotion of behavioral change of self-care measures through group peer support.
Methods
Setting, Recruitment, and Sampling
The Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) is an urban, academic VA Medical Center in Providence Rhode Island servicing Rhode Island, Southeastern Massachusetts and Cape Cod, and parts of Eastern Connecticut.
The institutional review board of Providence VAMC approved this project. A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients enrolled in the HF-SMA clinic from February 2012 through January 2014. These were patients recently hospitalized for decompensated HF and seen within 31 days (n = 50) or patients seen >31 days after admission or required more intensive outpatient HF care (n = 20). For patients hospitalized at Providence VA with a primary or secondary diagnosis of HF, they were offered appointments to attend an interdisciplinary HF-SMA, usually within 1 week of contact. Of the 93 patients referred, approximately 10% of patients did not show for their scheduled appointment, 10% were admitted to skilled nursing facilities, and approximately 10% declined to attend the HF-SMA sessions.
Interviews
Patients
Semistructured interviews were conducted on patients from SMA sessions to elicit input about perceived facilitators and barriers to HF care, satisfaction with the program, and determine whether the HF-SMA helped the participants prevent hospitalization. Patients were eligible if they were recently seen within 4 weeks at the HF-SMA visit.
Providers
Semistructured interviews with primary care, cardiology providers and team members were conducted to understand the perceived advantages and obstacles in the implementation of the HF-SMA, as well as its future sustainability.
Heart Failure Shared Medical Appointment Visit and Data Collection—Quantitative Assessment
The HF-SMA visits occurred once weekly, colocated within the primary care clinics at the Providence VAMC (17). The HF-SMA groups were based on the Chronic Care Model Behavioral Interventions drawn from the Social Cognitive Theory (18).
Data was collected on demographics, medications, laboratory data, diagnoses, interventions, hospital utilization (emergency department, hospitalization) medication possession ratios (MPRs), and mortality. HF–related emergency room visits, defined as any signs or symptoms of HF such as shortness of breath, not admitted but diagnosed by the emergency room physician as an exacerbation of HF.
Semistructured Interviews of Patient and Provider
Several weeks after completing the HF-SMA visit, patients were contacted via telephone to attend a post-HF-SMA interview. A research assistant trained in the conduction of semistructured interview techniques and performed a face-to-face interview using 10 semistructured questions on subjects such as helpfulness of the groups and knowledge gained from the sessions and from other participants in the group. The interviewer used open-ended and follow-up questions to assess the facilitators and barriers to HF education and care. Patients were encouraged to bring their caregivers. The interview was recorded and all dialogue was transcribed verbatim.
Providers were contacted via telephone or e-mail to ask about their willingness to participate in an interview. A research assistant preformed a face-to-face interview using 9 semistructured questions regarding the overall effectiveness of HF-SMA and to determine in what ways the HF-SMA program helped or did not help their patients avoid HF readmission. Participants had the option to be audio recorded. Participants who chose to have their interview audio recorded had their dialogue transcribed verbatim.
Data and Statistical Analysis, Chart Review, and Qualitative Data Analysis—Semistructured Interviews of Patient and Provider
Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviations whereas discrete variables as percentages. All patients who were seen in the HF-SMA visit were included in the quantitative analysis. Patients were evaluated for 30-day readmission, 31- to 180-day readmission, and 180- to 365-day readmission rates, medication-related problems (17), and medication adherence. Medication adherence was measured with MPRs, calculated with the following formula: total days’ supply of medication received divided by the total number of expected medication intake days for all HF and cardiovascular medications (19,20).
We used thematic-based methods to analyze our transcripts (21). A team of 4 researchers read through the transcripts several times to evaluate thematic patterns of interview answers. The research team convened several times and reviewed the transcripts for within-case and cross-case similarity of themes and reached conclusions based on consensus.
Results
For the quantitative assessment, the medical records of 70 patients were abstracted, of which 50 patients were recently discharged with HF and were seen on an average of 18.1 ± 6.9 days postdischarge after a hospital admission for HF. The remaining 20 outpatients with remote HF hospitalization were seen on an average of 133.0 ± 104.8 days after their last hospital admission for HF. The average age of our patients was 74.7 ± 11.6 years, 49% of the patients had a left ventricular ejection fraction less than 40% (average ejection fraction of 42.4% ± 14.8%), 33% had greater than 15 comorbidities, 77% of patients had 10 or more comorbidities, and 19% had more than 15 chronic medications. Baseline characteristics are described in Table 1.
Baseline Demographics of HF SMA Participants.
Abbreviations: ACC/AHA, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; ACE/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; EF, ejection fraction; HF-SMA, heart failure shared medical appointment; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; SD, standard deviation; SMA, shared medical appointment.
aComorbidity is defined as any co-occurring condition that was diagnosed in the patients’ record, such as diabetes, depression, atrial fibrillation and excluding noncurrent acute illness such as history of an upper respiratory illness or gastrointestinal virus.
bTelehealth is a telephone-based home monitoring system to promote access to care and to monitor symptoms and obtain vitals at home.
The follow-up period for these was 380 person-days. The 50 patients had a 30-day readmission rate of 8% (facility 30-day HF readmission rate during that time period 23.3-27.8%), a 6-month readmission rate of 28%, and a 181- to 365-day readmission rate of 9%. (Table 2) Overall, the time to hospitalization for the 70 patients was 144.1 ± 107.4 days, and 30% of the HF-SMA group had emergency room visits for HF and 246.1 ± 216.1 mean days of survival (Table 2). Medication-related problems occurred in 75% of patients seen in HF-SMA clinic (Table 3). Most of the medication-related problems were omissions (21% overall) and need for dosage uptitration (29% overall). The mean number of medication-related problems per person was 0.8 ± 1.1. Medication adherence as indicated by MPRs was 80% for ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers, 86% for β-blockers, and 70% for spironolactone.
Results, Hospital Readmissions, Survival, and Miscellaneous.
Abbreviations: HF-SMA, heart failure shared medical appointment; SD, standard deviation.
Medication-Related Problems and MPR.
Abbreviations: ACE/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; BB, β-blockers; MPR, medication possession ratio; SD, standard deviation.
Patient’s Results—Patient’s Semistructured Interview Themes
Of the 70 patients in the HF-SMA visit, 31 patients were invited for an interview, of which 12 patients consented to be interviewed.
Five themes emerged from the semistructured interviews: (1) overall satisfaction with the SMA experience in all 12 of the interviews. Overall, patients expressed enjoyment of the HF-SMA visit and reported that it helped them manage their condition. They did not have any recommendations to change the visits. Patients acknowledged an increase in knowledge and that they were satisfied with their clinical care and management, (2) patients feeling overwhelmed with information and the tasks need to manage HF, (3) patients perceived lack of social support with their illness. When they were asked the question about whether or not other members of the group helped them take care of their heart condition, patients’ responses indicated they did not learn from others and that peer interaction and support were minimal, (4) a lack of self-efficacy to perform self-care measures, that is, lack of confidence in their ability to perform self-care behaviors and the need for more than 1 session to learn HF self-care. Patients in the HF-SMA group appeared to have low motivation for self-care behavior change or lack of skills to make the changes, and (5) a low expectation of health and life expectancy. They seemed to feel a lack of hope and did not expect to feel better or improve their quality of life (Table 4).
Patient’s and Provider’s Interview Quotes.
Health-Care Provider’s Results—Provider’s Interview Themes
Of the 5 providers who were interviewed, 3 were primary care nurse clinical managers, 1 cardiologist, and 1 was the chief of primary care. Two interviews were not taped given provider preference.
Based on the provider interviews, the following obstacles to implementation of HF-SMA were found: (1) availability of resources (difficulty finding an appropriate classroom space with at least 2 computers—one for education and another for clinical management), (2) time coordination between HF-SMA team and primary care staff (coordination of HF-SMA team schedule with primary care staff for handoff of patients), (3) no-shows of patients scheduled for HF-SMAs, and (4) reach (only a portion of eligible patients were enrolled). The following advantages were found after HF-SMA implementation: (1) colocation of HF-SMA in primary care clinical area (we found an appropriate size classroom that was located within the primary care clinics for easy handoffs of patients between services), (2) facilitated referral to telephone-based home monitoring system or telehealth (we were able to secure support from the VA telehealth providers to enroll patients after HF-SMA into telehealth), (3) scheduling flexibility (we were able to accommodate walk-in’s because multiple patients can be seen at the same time), and (4) facilitated communication between providers of cardiology and primary care (this was facilitated by the physical colocation of the HF-SMA within primary care and the face-to-face handoffs of patients).
Four themes emerged from the semistructured provider interviews. (1) Overall satisfaction with the HF-SMA program. The first theme was present in all 5 of the interviewees. Providers reported that the HF-SMA has helped them manage and care for their patients who have HF, (2) perception of effective communication regarding care management between the HF-SMA clinic and primary care providers, (3) perception that HF-SMA helped achieve proper medication reconciliation and titration, and (4) perception that HF-SMA helped provide education (Table 4).
Discussion
Our experience demonstrated that SMAs are feasible and well-perceived in a complex cohort of patients recently and remotely hospitalized with HF, with multiple comorbidities and medication burden. Patients were able to receive a general clinical visit focused on HF symptoms, vitals, leg edema, and didactic session and met with up to 3 different health-care providers at once. Medication problems and need for medication change or dose titration are a prevailing theme along with patient’s lack of self-efficacy in HF care. Heart failure shared medical appointments are a result of cross collaboration between preexisting staff from cardiology and primary care. More importantly, there is leadership support from both cardiology and primary care to ensure its future sustainability.
As the burden of HF prevalence grows (4), there is an increase in the number of patients but relative dearth of HF providers. Shared medical appointments, where multiple patients can be seen at the same time by a nonphysician team after hospital discharge overcoming the scheduling hurdle, can be appealing. SMA, while well known in integrated health settings, is still an unknown intervention—outside of diabetes and nascent in many clinical settings such as those that care for complex and severely ill patients. Patients with HF have much higher acute mortality and functional impairment, and it is important that HF-SMAs are developed with a multidisciplinary care team. To our knowledge, this is the first mixed-methods study evaluating the perceptions of HF patients after attending HF-SMA and the obstacles that HF patients faced after hospital discharge. Although qualitative interviews revealed high patient satisfaction with the HF-SMA groups, patients were overwhelmed with the burden of chronic illness as evidenced by their perceived lack of social support, significant confusion regarding their disease process, poor self-efficacy, and sense of hopelessness. These interviews also revealed that most patients need more than 1 SMA session to be comfortable with HF self-care. Another important finding from our study is the high frequency of medication-related problems. Our findings of high medication burden and high rate of medication-related problems (75%) reinforced the importance of having a pharmacist as part of the intervention. A recent meta-analysis found that medication therapy management interventions reduced the odds of hospitalizations due to HF by 45% (22). Our patients had an average of 11.7 ± 4.9 chronic disease medications prior to enrollment in our HF-SMA, and 75% had at least 1 medication-related problem at the HF-SMA visit. This is similar to the study by Gastelurrutia et al, which found an average of 1.5 ± 1.4 medication-related problems per patient for HF patients (23). Multidisciplinary group visits included a discussion of the medication-related problems face-to-face with the entire health-care team during our group sessions, making the visits time efficient and streamlined. Most of the medication problems were related to omission (21%) or an inappropriate dosage (29%). Considering that our adherence rates through MPRs were approximately 80% or higher for the HF medications, we are well above the national rates of approximately 50% adherence with chronic illness medications (24).
The interviews also revealed significant opportunities for improvement. Unlike our prior DM SMA studies which fostered peer support, we found little evidence of increased peer support among our HF-SMA patients. This may be due to patients increased illnesses and recent hospitalizations and patients feeling hopeless with their disease and not feeling physically well overall, therefore less likely to participate in group discussions. Consequently, lack of participation may reduce opportunities to communicate with other patients in the room and bond with them. In addition, this pilot study only had a single session and this may cause patients to be less likely to build relationships with each other. Also, the assessed sample size may not have been large enough to provide a representation of patients with HF. In addition, patients in the HF-SMA group had less confidence in their ability to perform self-care behaviors and felt an overwhelming need for a caregiver if they did not have one. Many patients had a decreased expectation of improvement in quality of life or life course despite a positive delivery of information. Further, there was a high degree of hopelessness, which may indicate depression or risk of depression of our participants. Next, patients reported confusion regarding their HF medications and disease process. Our findings suggest that a more longitudinal approach with peer-to-peer learning and attention to depression should be incorporated to meet the needs and preferences of the patients.
Although formal comparisons cannot be made, it is helpful to point out that the 30-day readmission rates of patients seen by our HF-SMA group was 6%, which is intriguing relative to the 30-day readmission rates of 22.8% to 26.8% in 2012 to 2013 at Providence VAMC and the 24.4% of the national Medicare rates of HF hospital readmission rates (20,25).
Colocated services for patients with other concomitant illnesses such as mental illness have shown improvement in cardiovascular risk and an increase in visits to their primary care physician (26). Successful care management programs utilize multiple different approaches to reduce hospital admissions (27). We chose to place the HF-SMA groups in the primary care area of the hospital to ensure good communication with the primary care providers and HF-SMA staff.
Some limitations were that this was an observational study without a comparator group, however, it is useful to test for feasibility and obtain user perceptions and satisfaction. The population was heterogenous with regard to recently hospitalized patients and stable outpatients, but this is likely what would happen in standard clinical practice. Finally, patients who were less mobile and receiving end-of-life care at home may not have been able to attend these sessions.
Shared medical appointments after HF hospitalization are feasible and well-perceived. Medication problems and need for medication change or dose titration is a prevailing theme along with patient’s lack of self-efficacy in HF care. Although there were system obstacles to overcome, the advantages were many after HF-SMA implementation. Heart failure shared medical appointments can be a patient-centered method of care delivery redesign to improve self-management skills and medication therapy management after HF hospitalization. However, in order for patients to adopt self-care measures, self-efficacy, and obtain peer support, they may need multiple HF-SMA visits to reinforce concepts, reduce confusion, and garner peer support.
Footnotes
Authors’ Note
The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Department of Veterans Affairs. This material is based upon work supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Health Services Research and Development.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article: This study was completed with funding from VA HSRD CHF QUERI center fund for pilot studies.