Various studies have been published on the occurrence of orphanage trafficking in Nepal. These studies have focused on how orphanage trafficking occurs but have not investigated how orphanage trafficking is responded to from a legal perspective. This article analyses the legal framework for prosecuting orphanage trafficking in Nepal. It considers the available legislative frameworks for pursuing prosecution and makes recommendations for Nepal to reform their anti-trafficking law to include orphanage trafficking and to align with international law.
CanosaA., & van DooreK. E. (2022). Orphanage tourism. In Encyclopedia of tourism management and marketing. Edward Elgar Publishing.
3.
CPCS International Belgium and Central Child Welfare Board Nepal. (2009). A study of children’s homes in Nepal. CPCS International Belgium and Central Child Welfare Board Nepal.
4.
DhunganaM., BasnetB., RaiU., & PradhanR. (2005). Fact-finding mission on displacement of children from Humla. 29 December 2004–1 January 2005.UNICEF.
5.
GaleC., & KhatiwadaC. (2016). Alternative child care and deinstitutionalisation: A case study of Nepal. SOS Children’s Villages, CELCIS & the European Commission.
6.
GallagherA. T. (2016). Editorial: The problems and prospects of trafficking prosecutions: Ending impunity and securing justice. Anti-Trafficking Review, 6(1), 1–11.
7.
Human Trafficking and Transportation Act 2007 Nepal.
8.
Nepal Central Child Welfare Board. (2016). The state of the children in Nepal 2016. Government of Nepal.
9.
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. (2011). Trafficking in Persons Report 2011. United States of America Department of State.
10.
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. (2017). Trafficking in Persons Report 2017. United States of America Department of State.
11.
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. (2022). Trafficking in Persons Report 2022. United States of America Department of State.
12.
Office of the Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Women and Children, National Human Rights Commission, Nepal. (2014). Trafficking in Persons Especially on Women and Children in Nepal: National Report 2012–2013. Government of Nepal.
13.
Office of the Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Women and Children, National Human Rights Committee. Nepal. (2017). Trafficking in Persons Especially on Women and Children in Nepal: National Report 2015–2016. Government of Nepal.
14.
PunaksM., & FeitK. (2014). Orphanage voluntourism in Nepal and its links to the displacement and unnecessary institutionalisation of children. Institutionalised Children: Explorations and Beyond, 1(2), 179–192.
15.
PunaksM., & LamaS. (2021). Orphanage trafficking and child protection in emergencies in Nepal: A comparative analysis of the 2015 earthquake and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond, 8(1), 26–37.
16.
RaiO. A. (2015). Ban on new orphanages. Nepali Times, May20, 2015. http://archive.nepalitimes.com/blogs/thebrief/2015/05/20/ban-on-new-orphanages/
17.
Save the Children. (2010). Programme document protection of children temporarily or permanently Humla programme cooperation agreement 2011–2012. Save the Children.
18.
UNICEF and Terre des Hommes. (2008). Adopting the rights of the child: A study on intercountry adoption and its influence on child protection in Nepal. UNICEF and Terre des Hommes.
19.
United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2012). Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 12, paragraph 1, of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, Concluding observations: Nepal, UN CRC, 60th Sess, 1725th mtg, UN Doc CRC/C/OPSC/NPL/CO/1(July 11, 2012).
20.
United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2016). Concluding observations on the combined third to fifth periodic reports of Nepal, UN CRC, 72nd session, 2137th mtg, UN Doc CRC/C/NPL/CO/3-5 (July 7, 2016).
21.
van DooreK. E. (2016). Paper Orphans: Exploring Child Trafficking for the Purpose of Orphanages. The International Journal of Children’s Rights, 24(2), 378–407.
22.
van DooreK. E. (2020). Regulating Australia’s participation in the orphanage industry. Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond, 7(1), 74–82.
23.
van DooreK. E. (2022). Orphanage trafficking in international law. Cambridge University Press.
24.
van DooreK. E., & NhepR. (2021). Providing protection or enabling exploitation? Orphanages and modern slavery in post-disaster contexts. Journal of Modern Slavery: A Multidisciplinary Exploration of Human Trafficking Solutions, 6(3), 46–71.
25.
van DooreK., & NhepR. (2019). Orphanage trafficking, modern slavery and the Australian response. Griffith Journal of Law & Human Dignity, 7(2), 114–138.
