AartsPaul. (1999). The Middle East: A Region without Regionalism or the end of Exceptionalism?Third World Quarterly, 20(5), 911–925.
2.
AbbasKhalid. (2024). Examining the dynamics of Muslim solidarity: A comparison of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the Arab League. In Comparative Studies on Regional Organizations (pp. 297–311). Edward Elgar.
3.
AidiHisham. (2017). Is Morocco headed toward insurrection?The Nation, July13. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/is-morocco-headed-toward-insurrection/, accessed 7 November 2025.
4.
Abusidu-Al-GhoulFatima Y. (2014). Why has the Arab League failed as a regional security organization?Bradford Scholars, University of Bradford.
5.
AchyLahcen. (2014). Breakdown of the authoritarian ‘social contract’ and emergence of new social actors: an ongoing process?InSadikiLarbi(ed.), Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring, London: Routledge, pp. 303–318. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315763026
6.
Al-DosaryAbdullah S., ∆ RahmanSyed M. (2005). Saudization (Localization)–A critical review. Human Resource Development International, 8(4), 495–502.
7.
AlnassarNassar. (2024). To What Extent has Saudi Arabia been able to Position itself as a Hub for Global Flows beyond Oil and Religion?Doctoral Thesis, University of East Anglia. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/98886/
8.
Al-QassabAmal, JahshanKhaled E., KharroubTarek, HarbImad K., ZiadehRadwan, KhouryNadim, ∆ CarapicoSheila. (2024, August21). The Arab League’s many failures. Arab Center Washington DC.
9.
Al-WakilAbdul Amir (1967). A Study of the Cultural and Educational Activities of the League of Arab States. (Theses) Peabody College for Teachers. Vanderbilt University. https://www.proquest.com/openview/fc30101a44d5f27a23ec5fff7322e15a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar∆cbl=18750∆diss=y
10.
BarnettMichael (1998). Dialogs in Arab politics: Negotiations in regional order. Columbia University Press.
11.
BarnettMichael, ∆ SolingenEtel. (2009). Designed to fail or failure of design? The origins and legacy of the Arab League. InAcharyaAmitav ∆ JohnstonAlastair I.(Eds.), Crafting Cooperation: Regional International Institutions in Comparative Perspective (pp. 180–211). Cambridge University Press.
12.
BuzanBarry, ∆ WaeverOle. (2003). Regions and powers: The structure of international security. Cambridge University Press.
13.
CiftciSabri, ∆ TezcürGüneş Murat. (2016). Soft power, religion, and anti-Americanism in the Middle East. Foreign Policy Analysis, 12(3), 374–394.
14.
CoşkunBezen B. (2010). Energizing the Middle East: Iran, Turkey and Persian Gulf states. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 9(2), 73–79.
15.
DakhlallahFarah. (2012). The League of Arab States and regional security: Toward an Arab security community?British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 39(3), 393–412.
16.
DebreMaria J. (2021). Legitimation, regime survival, and shifting alliances in the Arab League: Explaining sanction politics during the Arab Spring. International Political Science Review, 42(4), 516–530.
17.
DellmuthLisa, ∆ TallbergJonas. (2021). Elite communication and the popular legitimacy of international organizations. British Journal of Political Science, 51(3), 1292–1313. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123420000369
18.
Del SartoRaffaella A., ∆ Soler i LechaEduard. (2024). Regionalism and alliances in the Middle East, 2011–2021: From a flash in the pan of regional cooperation to liquid alliances. Geopolitics, 29(4), 1447–1473.
19.
DraganRadu. (2015). Regional responses to terrorism: A comparative study of the Arab League and the African Union. Institute on Comparative Regional Integration Studies.
20.
El-KatiriMohammed. (2014). United States-Gulf Cooperation Council Security Cooperation in a Multipolar World. Army War College Carlisle Barracks Strategic Studies Institute, Pennsylvania. https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/ssi/0032584/f_0032584_26498.pdf
21.
ElkatawnehHassanThe League of Arab States ∆ the Need for Transformative Change (April16, 2017). Available at SSRN:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2998085
22.
El-SayedAhmed (2024). The Legitimacy Battlefield: How Armed Groups Leverage Violence and Values in the Quest for International Recognition. Doctoral Thesis, Universität Bremen. https://media-api.suub.uni-bremen.de/api/core/bitstreams/78bdd314-5068-47b2-b9a3-e2ff28a17f3d/content
23.
El-SharifAshraf. (2011). Democratization of Islamist Movements in Egypt and Morocco: Political Opportunities, Organizational Frameworks, and the Ideological Marketplace. Doctoral Thesis, Boston University. https://www.proquest.com/openview/8439716060309441dbd2c3af31b5b8a4/1?pq-origsite=gscholar∆cbl=18750
24.
GhoshSanchari. (2023). Problematising the Role of India in Shaping the Indo-Pacific Order. Indian Journal of Asian Affairs, 36(1/2), 27–40. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27307173
25.
HaddadBassam. (2021). The Arab League and the 2006 Lebanon War: Regional divisions and international consequences. Arab Studies Quarterly, 43(4), 301–320.
26.
IsaniMujtaba, ∆ SchlipphakBernd. (2017). In the European Union, we trust: European Muslim attitudes toward the European Union. European Union Politics, 18(4), 658–677.
27.
IsaniMujtaba. (2018). Muslim public opinion toward the international order: Support for international and regional actors. Springer.
28.
IsaniMujtaba. (2021). Methodological problems of using Arabic-language Twitter as a gauge for Arab attitudes toward politics and society. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 8(1), 22–35.
29.
IsaniMujtaba, ∆ SchlipphakBernd. (2022). Attitudes toward the European Union in the MENA region: The case of Saudi Arabia. European Foreign Affairs Review, 27(1).
30.
IsaniMujtaba, SilvermanDaniel, ∆ KaminskiJoseph. (2024). The other legitimate game in town? Understanding public support for the caliphate in the Islamic world. American Journal of Islam and Society, 41(2), 80–117.
31.
KamravaMehran. (2018). Inside the Arab State. London: Oxford University Press. https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/inside-arab-state/
32.
KhatibLina. (2019). Syria, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Qatar: The ‘Sectarianization’of the Syrian Conflict and Undermining of Democratization in the Region. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 46(3), 385–403. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48541312
33.
LuomiMari. (2021). Climate Change Policy in the Arab Region. InMillsRobin ∆ SimLi-Chen(eds.)Low Carbon Energy in the Middle East and North Africa. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59554-8_11
34.
MilnerHelen. (1997). The political economy of regionalism. Columbia University Press.
35.
OttawayMarina. (2003). Promoting Democracy in the Middle East: The Problem of US Credibility. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2003/03/promoting-democracy-in-the-middle-east-the-problem-of-us-credibility?lang=en
36.
SaidiNasser. (2003). Arab Economic Integration: An Awakening to Remove Barriers to Prosperity. Economic Research Forum. https://knowledge4all.org/admin/Temp/Files/ed5e961f-a500-48c2-878e-926840fb271a.pdf, accessed 7 November 2025.
37.
SaikalAmin. (2011). Authoritarianism, Revolution and Democracy: Egypt and Beyond. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 65(5), 530–544. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10357718.2011.613903
38.
SalehMona, ∆ WorrallJames (2023). Converging Interests, Diverging Realities: Arab League-EU Cooperation. GIGA Focus6. https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/converging-interests-diverging-realities-arab-league-eu-cooperation, accessed 7 November 2025.
39.
SalloukhBassel (2024). The State of Consociationalism in Lebanon. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 30(1), 8–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2023.2187970
40.
SchlipphakBernd, ∆ IsaniMujtaba A. (2018). Muslim attitudes toward the European Union. Routledge.
41.
SchlipphakBernd, ∆ IsaniMujtaba. (2020). Designing survey questions and choosing survey formats. In Handbuch Methoden der Politikwissenschaft (pp. 351–371).
42.
WaltzKenneth N. (2008). Realism and International Politics. London: Routledge.
43.
WendtAlexander. (1994). Collective identity formation and the international state. American Political Science Review, 88(2), 384–396.
44.
YoussefHamza. (2015). Mediation and conflict resolution in the Arab world: The role of the Arab League. In OSCE Yearbook 2013: Yearbook on the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg.
45.
ZaharMarie Joelle (2005). Power Sharing in Lebanon: Foreign Protectors, Domestic Peace, and Democratic Failure. InRothchildDonald ∆ RoederPhilip(eds.), Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy after Civil Wars. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 221–234. https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780801489747/sustainable-peace/#bookTabs=1