Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Events that unfold in the Middle East profoundly impact the social and political environment in Kerala, India’s southernmost state. This article examines the response in Kerala to the attacks and counter-attacks by the Hamas militants and the Israeli forces in and around the Gaza Strip since October 7, 2023, which resulted in a humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip. Traditionally, a pro-Palestine sentiment has been prevalent in Kerala due to its geographical proximity to the Arabian Peninsula, its notable Muslim population, and its anti-imperialist political discourses under the influence of the dominant Left ideology. However, there has been an increasing appeal for Israel in Kerala recently, especially among some Christian denominations. This article considers these factors and analyzes Kerala’s response to the Gaza crisis using news articles, statements by political and religious leaders, and the editorials of five prominent Malayalam language newspapers. Despite debates around the Gaza crisis in Kerala being less unequivocal, the state’s social and political circles largely stood in solidarity with the Palestinian people.

Keywords

Gaza Crisis Israel-Hamas war Kerala Malayalam newspapers Middle East

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Abraham

Jose.

(2014). Islamic reform and colonial discourse on modernity in India: Socio-political and religious thought of Vakkom Moulavi . Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137378842

Agence France-Presse. (2024, July 3). About 90% of people in Gaza displaced since war began, says UN agency. The Guardian . https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/03/about-90-of-people-in-gaza-displaced-since-war-began-says-un- agency

Ahmad

Talmiz.

(2013). The Arab Spring and its implications for India. Strategic Analysis , 37(1), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2013.737607

Ameerudheen

T. A.

(2023, November 15). ‘Informed solidarity’: Why India’s Kerala saw mass rallies for Palestinians . Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/15/informed-solidarity-why-thousands-hit-kerala-streets-for-palestinians

Audit Bureau of Circulations. (2023, April 11). Highest circulated dailies, weeklies & magazines amongst member publications (across languages) . https://www.auditbureau.org/files/JD%202022%20Highest%20Circulated%20(across%20languages).pdf

Baral

J. K.

, & Mahanty

J. N.

(1992). India and the Gulf Crisis: The response of a minority government. Pacific Affairs , 65(3), 368–384. https://doi.org/10.2307/2760069

Bhattacherjee

Kallol.

(2024, March 5). Man from Kerala killed in Hezbollah attack in Israel. The Hindu . https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/one-indian-killed-another-two-injured-in-anti-tank-missile-attack-in-israel/article67915700.ece

Blarel

Nicolas.

(2014). The evolution of India’s Israel Policy: Continuity, change, and compromise since 1922 . Oxford University Press.

British Broadcasting Corporation. (2023, October 7). Newspaper headlines: ‘Human shield horror’ and Israel’s ‘9/11 moment’ . https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-the- papers-67043868

10.

Bunkall

Alistair

, & Balla

Reemul.

(2023, October 8). Hostages taken as Hamas launches biggest attack on Israel in years—With strikes hitting Gaza in response . Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/thousands-of-rockets-fired-into-israel-as-video- shows-palestinian-fighters-crossing-border-on-paragliders-12978797

11.

CPI-M Central Committee. (2023, October 8). Israel-Hamas conflict stop these attacks and counter attacks . https://cpim.org/israel-hamas-conflict-stop-these-attacks-and-counter- attacks/

12.

Deepika . (2023a, October 9). ഇസ്രയേലിന്റെ ഒക്ടേ.ാബ ഏഴ് (Israyelinte october ezhu) [Israel’s October Seven] . https://www.deepika.com/Editorial.aspx?Newscode=675483

13.

Deepika . (2023b, October 19). യുദ്ധം വേണ്ട ഭീകരവാദവും (Yudham venda, bheekaravaadavum) [No war, no terrorism] . https://www.deepika.com/Editorial.aspx?Newscode=676309

14.

Deepika . (2023c, October 28). ഭീകരപ്രവത്തകരെ മറ്റെന്തു പേരു വിളിക്കും? (Bheekarapravarthakare mattenthu peru vilikkum?) [What other name do you call terrorists?] . https://www.deepika.com/Editorial.aspx?Newscode=676995

15.

Deepika . (2023d, November 7). ഈ ഐക്യദാഢ്യം ഒളിച്ച.ട്ടമാണ് (Ee aikyadaardyam olichottamaanu) [This solidarity is hiding away] . https://www.deepika.com/Editorial.aspx?Newscode=677864

16.

Deepika . (2024a, January 15). ബന്ദികളെ മ.ചിപ്പിക്കുക; യുദ്ധം അവസാനിപ്പിക്കുക (Bandikale mochippikkuka; yudham avasaanippikkuka) [Release the hostages; end the war] . https://www.deepika.com/Editorial.aspx?Newscode=683671

17.

Deepika . (2024b, March 26). ഗാസയിലെ മരണക്കളി (Gazayile maranakkali) [The death game in Gaza] . https://www.deepika.com/Editorial.aspx?Newscode=699938

18.

Deepika . (2024c, March 27). മനുഷ്യാവകാശം: കണ്ണീരും കാപട്യവും (Manushyaavakaasham: kanneerum kaapatyavum) [Human rights: Tears and hypocriscy] . https://www.deepika.com/Editorial.aspx?Newscode=700046

19.

Deshabhimani . (2023a, October 9). പലസ്തീന് നീതികിട്ടണം (Palastheen neethikittanam) [Palestine must get justice] . https://epaper.deshabhimani.com/3772525/Thiruvananthapuram/Thiruvananthapuram-09-October-2023#page/6

20.

Deshabhimani . (2023b, October 20). ഇസ്രയേ കൂട്ടക്കര.ാല അവസാനിപ്പിക്കുക (Israyel koottakkola avasaanippikkuka) [Israel must stop the massacre] . https://epaper.deshabhimani.com/3777426/Thiruvananthapuram/Thiruvananthapuram-20-October- 2023#page/6

21.

Deshabhimani . (2023c, October 26). ഇസ്രയേലിനെ നിലയ്ക്കുനി ത്തണം (Israyeline nilaykkunirthanam) [Keep control of Israel] . https://epaper.deshabhimani.com/3779754/Thiruvananthapuram/Thiruvananthapuram-26th-October-2023#page/6

22.

Deshabhimani . (2023d, October 28). പലസ്തീ ഐക്യദാഢ്യമേ.ാഇസ്രയേവി ധേയത്വമോ (Palastheen aikyadaardyamo israyel vidheyathwamo) [Palestinian solidarity or Israeli subjugation] . https://epaper.deshabhimani.com/3780557/Thiruvananthapuram/Thiruvananthapuram-28-October-2023#page/6

23.

Deshabhimani . (2023e, October 30). നാണംകെട്ട വിടുവേല (Naanamketta viduvela) [Shamelessly working hard] . https://epaper.deshabhimani.com/3781458/Thiruvananthapuram/Thiruvananthapuram-30-Ocotober-2023#page/6

24.

Deshabhimani . (2024a, January 15). ഗാസ: വിലാപത്തിന്റെ മുനമ്പ് (Gaza: vilaapathinte munambu) [Gaza: The cape of mourning] . https://epaper.deshabhimani.com/3815529/Thiruvananthapuram/Thiruvananthapuram-14th-January-2024#page/6

25.

Deshabhimani . (2024b, February 3). ഗാസയിലെ കൂട്ടക്കുഴിമാടവും നെതന്യാഹുവിന്റെ ഭീഷണിയും (Gazayile koottakkuzhimaadavum nethanyaahuvinte bheeshaniyum) [The mass grave in Gaza and Netanyahu’s threat] . https://epaper.deshabhimani.com/3823666/Thiruvananthapuram/Thiruvananthapuram-3-February-2024#page/6

26.

Deshabhimani . (2024c, March 2). ഗാസയിലെ ചേ.ാരയ്ക്ക് മേ.ാദിയും ഉത്തരവാദി (Gazayile choraykku modiyum utharavaadi) [Modi is also responsible for bloodshed in Gaza] . https://epaper.deshabhimani.com/3836897/Thiruvananthapuram/Thiruvananthapuram- 2nd-March-2024#page/6

27.

Deshabhimani . (2024d, April 16). ഇസ്രയേലിനെ നിയന്ത്രിക്കണം (Israyeline niyanthrikkanam) [Israel must be controlled] . https://epaper.deshabhimani.com/3854829/Thiruvananthapuram/Thiruvananthapuram-16th-April-2024#page/6

28.

Deshabhimani . (2024e, May 30). ഇസ്രയേ ഒറ്റപ്പെടുന്നു (Israyel ottappedunnu) [Israel is getting isolated] . https://epaper.deshabhimani.com/3878832/Thiruvananthapuram/Thiruvananthapuram-13th-June-2024#page/6

29.

Deshabhimani . (2024f, June 13). വെടിനി ത്ത പ്രമേയം നയതന്ത്ര അഭ്യാസമാകരുത് (Vedinirthal prameyam nayathanthra abhyaasamaakaruthu) [Ceasefire resolution should not be a diplomatic stunt] . https://epaper.deshabhimani.com/3872896/Thiruvananthapuram/Thiruvananthapuram-30-May-2024#page/6

30.

Ellis-Petersen

Hannah.

(2023, October 31). India takes strong pro-Israel stance under Modi in a departure from the past. The Guardian . https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/31/india-pro-israel-narendra-modi-bjp-government

31.

Greyman-Kennard

Danielle.

(2024, October 9). WATCH: Israel is only the first target, warns Hamas commander. The Jerusalem Post . https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-765304

32.

Goldenberg

Tia.

(2023, October 9). What went wrong? Questions emerge over Israel’s intelligence prowess after Hamas attack. Associated Press . https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-gaza-attack-intel-a5287a18773232f26ca171233be01721

33.

Gordon

Leonard A.

(1975). Indian Nationalist Ideas about Palestine and Israel. Jewish Social Studies , 37(3/4), 221–234. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4466891

34.

Hamas Media Office. (2024). ‘Our Narrative...’: Operation Al-Aqsa Flood . https://www.palestinechronicle.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/PDF.pdf

35.

Hiltermann

Joost.

(2023, November 22). No exit from Gaza. Foreign Affairs . https://www.foreignaffairs.com/israel/no-exit-gaza-hiltermann

36.

Hindustan Times . (2024, March 4). Row over Kerala University fest after students union names it ‘intifada’: Report . https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/row-over-kerala-university-fest-after-students-union-names-it-intifada-report-101709564720642.html

37.

Hiran

(2023, October 28). Church express concern over ‘political Islam’ using Palestine issue. The Hindu . https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/church-express-concern-over-political-islam-using-palestine-issue/article67470305.ece

38.

Human Rights Watch. (2024, July). “I can’t erase all the blood from my mind”: Palestinian armed groups’ 7 October assault on Israel . https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2024/07/israel_palestine0724web_2.pdf

39.

Ilias

M. H.

(2019). Gulf Salafism and the crisis of “Salafi-Islamic modernity” in Kerala. Indian Journal of Politics and International Relations , 12(1), 134–156.

40.

Ilias

M. H.

(2024). An Indian academic activist’s engagement with the question of Palestine. In Rosemary

Sayigh

(Ed.), Becoming pro-Palestinian: Testimonies from the Global Solidarity Movement . I. B. Tauris.

41.

Irudaya Rajan

(2004). From Kerala to the Gulf: Impacts of labor migration. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal , 13(4), 497–509. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719680401300405

42.

Isaac

T. M. Thomas

, & Tharakan

P. K. Michael

. (1995). Kerala: The emerging perspectives: Overview of the International Congress on Kerala studies. Social Scientist , 23(1/3), 3–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/3517889

43.

Jeffrey

Robin.

(1997). Malayalam: ‘The day-to-day social life of the people...’ Economic & Political Weekly , 32(1/2), 18–21. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4404956

44.

Jeffrey

Robin.

(1992). Politics, women, and well-being: How Kerala became ‘a model’ . Macmillan Press. http://archive.org/details/politicswomenwel0000jeff

45.

Kallungal

Dhinesh.

(2024, March 5). Amid escalating conflict, around 500 Keralites migrated to Israel. The Hindu . https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amid-escalating-conflict-around-500-keralites-migrate-to-israel/article67917625.ece

46.

Karat

Prakash.

(2024, July 21). Palestine: National liberation not a religious issue. Peoples Democracy . https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/2024/0721_pd/palestine-national- liberation-not-religious-issue

47.

Karinkurayil

Mohamed Shafeeq.

(2019). The Islamic subject of home cinema of Kerala. BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies , 10(1), 30–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0974927619855451

48.

Kochukudy

Anand.

(2023, November 24). Hamas is synonymous with Palestine in Kerala. CPI(M) IUML have boxed Congress into a corner . ThePrint. https://theprint.in/opinion/hamas-is-synonymous-with-palestine-in-kerala-cpim-iuml-has-boxed-congress- into-a-corner/1855603/

49.

Kramer

Stephanie.

(2021, September 21). Religious demography of Indian states and territories . Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/09/21/religious-demography-of-indian-states-and-territories/

50.

Kumaraswamy

P. R.

(2010). India’s Israel Policy . Columbia University Press.

51.

Kumaraswamy

P. R.

(2012). Reading the Silence: India and the Arab Spring . Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. https://en.davis.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/davisinsten/files/Reading_the_silence.pdf

52.

Kumaraswamy

P. R.

(2018). Squaring the Circle: Mahatma Gandhi and the Jewish National Home . ICWA and KW Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

53.

Kuruvilla

Anu C.

(2023, October 10). Fear among Keralites in Israel as Hamas conflict soars. The New Indian Express . https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Oct/10/fear-among-keralites-in-israel-as-hamas-conflict-soars-2622372.html

54.

Kutty

O. P. Mayan

. (2006). Khilafat Movement and Kerala ‘Majlis Ul Ulama’ in Malabar. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress , 67, 470–477.

55.

Lok Sabha. (2024, July 22). Sending employees to Israel (Unstarred Question No. 137) . https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/182/AU137_XdI6eK.pdf?source=pqals

56.

Madhyamam . (2023a, October 9). ആരാണ് യഥാ ഥ ഭീകര? (Aaraanu yathaartha bheekaran?) [Who is the real terrorist?] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/madhyamam-editorial-2023-oct-9-1212223

57.

Madhyamam . (2023b, October 14). ഏകപക്ഷീയമായ ഭീകരമുദ്ര (Ekapaksheeyamaaya bheekaramudra) [The one-sided brand of terror] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/madhyamam-editorial-on-palastine-1214068

58.

Madhyamam . (2023c, October 17). ഇരയെ വേട്ടക്കാരാക്കുന്ന സയണിസ്റ്റ് സന്തുലനങ്ങ (Iraye vettakkaraakkunna sayanistu santhulanangal) [The Zionist balancing that makes the victim the predator] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/israel-palestine-conflict-and-zionist-balancing-1215200

59.

Madhyamam . (2023d, October 18). യുദ്ധത്തേക്കാ വിനാശകരമായ നുണയുദ്ധം (Yudhathekkal vinaashakaramaaya nunayudham) [The war of lies is more destructive than war] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/madhyamam-editorial-2023-oct- 18-1215590

60.

Madhyamam . (2023e, October 19). ഈ രക്തത്തി ലേ.ാകത്തിനുണ്ട് പങ്ക് (Ee rakthathil lokathinundu panku) [The world has a share in this blood] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/massacre-in-gaza-the-world-has-a-share-in-this-blood-madhyamam- editorial-1215984

61.

Madhyamam . (2023f, October 23). അനൈക്യ രാഷ്ട്രസഭയുടെ അരക്ഷാസമിതി (Anaikya rashtrasabhayude arakshaasamithi) [(No)Security Council of the (Dis)United Nations] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/madhyamam-editorial-2023- oct-23-1217468

62.

Madhyamam . (2023g, October 30). ലേ.ാകത്തെ വെല്ലുവിളിച്ച് ഭീകരസഖ്യം (Lokathe velluvilichu bheekarasakhyam) [The terrorist alliance challenging the world] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/israel-war-gaza-palestine- 1219811

63.

Madhyamam . (2023h, November 22). യുദ്ധവിരാമത്തിന് വഴിതെളിയുമേ.ാ? (Yudhaviraamathinu vazhitheliyumo?) [Will there be a ceasefire?] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/madhyamam-editorial-on-israe-palestine- crisis-1228177

64.

Madhyamam . (2023i, November 30). ഫലസ്തീ: പാവക്കൂത്ത് പരിഹാരമാവില്ല (Falastheen: paavakkoothu parihaaramaavilla) [Palestine: Puppetry is not the solution] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/palestine-no-solution-to-puppetry- arts-1231117

65.

Madhyamam . (2023j, December 6). എന്തു ന്യായം നീതി എന്തു? (Enthu nyaayam, enthu neethi?) [What fairness, what justice?] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/israels-continued-aggression-in-palestine-what-justice-1233355

66.

Madhyamam . (2023k, December 11). അമേരിക്കയെ ഭരിക്കുന്നത് ഇസ്രായേലേ.ാ? (Amerikkaye bharikkunnathu israelo?) [Is America ruling Israel?] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/israel-america-palestine-editorial-1235095

67.

Madhyamam . (2023l, December 25). ഈ ക്രിസ്മസിന് ബെത്ലഹേം ദുഃഖത്തിലാണ് (Ee crismasinu bethlahem dukhathilaanu) [This Christmas, Bethlehem is in mourning] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/madhyamam-editorial-2023-dec- 25-1240003

68.

Madhyamam . (2024a, January 8). ഗസ്സ വംശഹത്യ ലേ.ാക കേ.ാടതിയിലേക്ക് (Gassa vamshahathya loka kodathiyilekku) [Gaza genocide to the world court] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/madhyamam-editorial-gaza-genocide-to-the- international-court-of-justice-1244588

69.

Madhyamam . (2024b, January 15). യുദ്ധമെന്ന പരിസ്ഥിതിഹത്യ (Yudhamenna paristhithihathya) [War, an environmental murder] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/madhyamam-editorial-2024-jan-15-1246988

70.

Madhyamam . (2024c, January 17). റിക്രൂട്ട്മെന്റ് സ്വ ഗത്തിലേക്കേ.ാ നരകത്തിലേക്കേ.ാ? (Recroottumentu svargathilekko narakathilekko?) [Is the recruitment to heaven or hell?] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/recruitment-heaven-or-hell-1247731

71.

Madhyamam . (2024d, March 4). ധാന്യക്കശാപ്പും ബൈഡന്റെ പര.ാടിക്കൈയും (Dhaanyakkashaappum baidente podikkaiyum) [Flour massacre and Biden’s involvement] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/palestine-us-president-joe-bidens- farce-1263782

72.

Madhyamam . (2024e, March 26). ആരു കേ ക്കും ഗസ്സയുടെ രേ.ാദനം! (Aaru kelkkum gassayude rodanam!) [Who will hear the cry of Gaza!] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/madhyamam-editorial-2024-march-26-1271503

73.

Madhyamam . (2024f, April 16). ഇസ്രായേലിലേക്കുള്ള തര.ാഴി കയറ്റുമതിയിലെ ശരികേടുക (Israelilekkulla thozhil kayattumathiyile sharikedukal) [Defects in exporting labour to Israel] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/madhyamam-editorial-2024-april-16-1278000

74.

Madhyamam . (2024g, April 22). ഗുണ്ടാരാജ്യങ്ങളും നിയമവാഴ്ചയും (Gundaarajyangalum niyamavaazchayum) [Gangster states and the rule of law] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/gaza-israel-palestine-editorial- podcast-1280118

75.

Madhyamam . (2024h, April 26). അമേരിക്ക കാമ്പസുകളിലെ ഫലസ്തീ പ്രക്ഷേ.ാഭം (Amerikkan kaambasukalile falastheen prakshobham) [Palestine protests on American campuses] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/madhyamam-editorial-2024-april- 26-1281517

76.

Madhyamam . (2024i, May 24). സ്വതന്ത്ര ഫലസ്തീന് കൂടുത പിന്തുണ (Swathanthra falastheen kooduthal pinthuna) [More support for a free Palestine] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/madhyamam-editorial-2024-may- 24-1291038

77.

Madhyamam . (2024j, May 27). ലേ.ാകകേ.ാടതി പറഞ്ഞു; ഇനി ഊഴം ലേ.ാകരാജ്യങ്ങളുടേത് (Lokakodathi paranju; eni oozham lokarajyangaludethu) [The world court has said; now it is the turn of the countries of the world] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/icj-warning-and-israel-1292033

78.

Madhyamam . (2024k, June 13). പശ്ചിമേഷ്യയി സമാധാനം പുലരട്ടെ (Pashchimeshyayil samaadhaanam pularatte) [Let there be peace in West Asia] . https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/editorial/let-there-be-peace-in-middle-east- madhyamam-editorial-1298001

79.

Malayala Manorama . (2023a, October 19). അരുതേ കുഞ്ഞുങ്ങളാണ് (Aruthe, kunjungalaanu) [No, they are children] . https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/editorial/2023/10/19/war-affects-children.html

80.

Malayala Manorama . (2023b, November 4). ഗാസയുടെ ഹൃദയവിലാപം (Gazayude hrdayavilaapam) [Gaza’s lamenting heart] . https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/editorial/2023/11/04/editorial-about-israel-palestine-war.html

81.

Malayala Manorama . (2023c, November 22). ഗാസയെ ഇനിയും നരകിപ്പിക്കരുത് (Gazaye eniyum narakippikkaruthu) [Don’t let Gaza suffer further] . https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/editorial/2023/11/22/editorial-about-israel-attack-in-gaza.html

82.

Malayala Manorama . (2023d, December 15). ഗാസയി ഉട വെടിനിത്തണം (Gazayil udan vedinirthanam) [There must be an immediate ceasefire in Gaza] . https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/editorial/2023/12/15/editorial-about-cease-fire-in-gaza.html

83.

Malayala Manorama . (2024a, February 21). ഗാസയിലെ വംശഹത്യ നി ത്തണം (Gazayile vamshahathya nirthanam) [The genocide in Gaza must stop] . https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/editorial/2024/02/21/editorial-about-israel-palestine-conflict.html

84.

Malayala Manorama . (2024b, March 27). വെടിനി ത്ത ശാശ്വതമാകട്ടെ (Vedinirthal shaaswathamaakatte) [May the ceasefire be permanent] . https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/editorial/2024/03/27/editorial-about-israel-palestine-war.html

85.

Malik

J. Mohan

. (1991). India’s response to the Gulf Crisis: Implications for Indian Foreign Policy. Asian Survey , 31(9), 847–861. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645299

86.

Masoud

Bassam

, & Salem

Saleh.

(2023, December 14). Gaza faces ‘perfect storm’ of deadly diseases . Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-faces- perfect-storm-deadly-diseases-2023-12-14/

87.

Mathew

Liz

, & Philip

Shaju.

(2023, October 30). Hamas at Kerala rally: BJP calls for probe, Israel envoy wants it in India’s terror list. The Indian Express . https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hamas-at-kerala-rally-bjp-calls-for-probe-israel-envoy- wants-it-in-indias-terror-list-9005055/

88.

Mathrubhumi . (2020, June 13). PV Chandran is Chairman of Mathrubhumi, MV Shreyams Kumar Managing Director, Mathrubhumi chairman PV Chandran, MD Shreyams Kumar . https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/pv-chandran-is-chairman-of- mathrubhumi-mv-shreyams-kumar-managing-director-1.4827447

89.

Mathrubhumi . (2023a, October 10). മതി മനുഷ്യക്കുരുതി (Mathi, manushyakkuruthi) [Stop the human slaugher] . https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/features/editorial/editorial-1.8972254

90.

Mathrubhumi . (2023b, October 21). ഗാസയുടെ വിലാപം (Gazayude vilaapam) [Gaza’s lament] . https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/features/editorial/editorial-1.9003863

91.

Mathrubhumi . (2023c, October 26). At IUML rally, Shashi Tharoor calls Hamas action ‘terrorist attack’, MK Muneer terms it ‘resistance’ . https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/at-iuml-rally-tharoor-calls-hamas-action-terrorist-attack-later- mk-muneer-terms-it-resistance-1.9017946

92.

Mathrubhumi . (2023d, November 7). യുദ്ധവും യാതനകളും (Yudhavum yaathanakalum) [War and suffering] . https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/features/editorial/editorial-1.9049622

93.

Mathrubhumi . (2023e, November 25). ഗാസയ്ക്കുവേണ്ടത് അന്തിമവെടിനി ത്ത (Gazaykkuvendathu anthimavedinirthal) [Gaza needs a final ceasefire] . https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/features/editorial/editorial-1.9100430

94.

Mathrubhumi . (2023f, December 3). മനുഷ്യക്കുരുതിക്ക് വിര.ാമം വേണം (Manushyakkuruthikku viraamam venam) [Human slaughter needs to stop] . https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/features/editorial/editorial-1.9122162

95.

Mathrubhumi . (2024a, January 2). ഒരുക്കണം സുരക്ഷിത പാത (Orukkanam surakshitha paatha) [Prepare a safe path] . https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/features/editorial/editorial-1.9203139

96.

Mathrubhumi . (2024b, April 16). ഇനിയര.ാരു യുദ്ധം വേണ്ടാ (Eniyoru yudham venda) [No more war] . https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/features/editorial/editorial- 1.9486438

97.

McKernan

Bethan

, & Ellis-Petersen

Hannah.

(2024, February 29). ‘We do not have many options’: unease over Israel’s recruitment of Indian labourers. The Guardian . https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/29/we-do-not-have-many-options-growing- unease-over-recruitment-of-indian-labourers-by-israel

98.

Modi

Narendra.

(2023, October 7). Deeply shocked by the news of terrorist attacks in Israel. Our thoughts and prayers are with the innocent victims and their families. We stand in solidarity with Israel at this difficult hour . [X Post, @narendramodi]. X. https://x.com/narendramodi/status/1710614655620534296

99.

Mohamed

T. A.

(2010). Leftist movements and the Mappila Muslims. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress , 71, 722–731. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147541

100.

Nair

Preetu.

(2023, October 11). Hard choice for nurses-turned caregivers. The Times of India . https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/hard-choice-for-nurses-turned-caregivers/articleshow/104330813.cms

101.

Neelambaran

(2023, November 19). Massive meeting in Kozhikode in solidarity with Palestine. Peoples Democracy . https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2023/1119_pd/massive- meeting-kozhikode-solidarity-palestine

102.

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2024, July 9). UN experts declare famine has spread throughout Gaza Strip . https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/ 2024/07/un-experts-declare-famine-has-spread-throughout-gaza-strip

103.

Oommen

Ginu Zacharia.

(2016). Gulf migration, social remittances and religion: The changing dynamics of Kerala Christians . Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. https://www.mea.gov.in/images/pdf/GulfMigrationSocialRemittancesand Religion.pdf

104.

Osella

Filippo

, & Osella

Caroline.

(2000). Migration, Money and Masculinity in Kerala. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute , 6(1), 117–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.t01-1-00007

105.

Osella

Filippo

, & Osella

Caroline.

(2008). ‘I am Gulf’: The production of cosmopolitanism and the Koyas of Kozhikode, Kerala. In Kai

Kresse

& Edward

Simpson

(Eds.), Struggling with history: Islam and cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean . Columbia University Press.

106.

Osella

Filippo

, & Osella

Caroline.

(2015). Social mobility in Kerala: Modernity and identity in conflict . Pluto Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt18dzsr9

107.

Philip

Shaju.

(2023a, October 11). As left, Congress tread cautiously in ‘pro-Palestine’ Kerala, senior CPM leader uses the terror word for Hamas. The Indian Express . https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/in-pro-palestine-kerala-too-why-cpm- congress-are-avoiding-taking-sides-8978693/

108.

Philip

Shaju.

(2023b, October 27). Shashi Tharoor refers Hamas as terrorists at IUML pro-Palestine rally. The Indian Express . https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tharoor- refers-hamas-as-terrorists-at-iuml-pro-palestine-rally-9001220/

109.

Philip

Shaju.

(2024a, June 17). The Kerala migration story: Decline in migration to Gulf, over 40% emigrants are Muslim. The Indian Express . https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/kerala-mirgation-survey-findings-gulf-9398005/

110.

Philip

Shaju.

(2024b, August 13). Once thriving, now all but gone: A history of Kerala’s Jewish communities. The Indian Express . https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/history-of-keralas-jewish-communities-who-are-paradesi-jew- indias-jewish-population-9510422/

111.

Prakash

B. A.

(1998). Gulf migration and its economic impact: The Kerala experience. Economic & Political Weekly , 33(50), 3209–3213. https://www.jstor.org/stable/ 4407474

112.

Press Trust of India . (2023, November 7). We can’t be neutral when section of people face genocidal aggression, says Kerala CM on Israel-Palestine conflict. The Indian Express . https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/kerala-cm-cant-be-neutraon-israel- palestine-conflict-9017798/

113.

Press Trust of India . (2024, April 15). Kerala CM seeks Centre’s intervention for safe return of three from cargo ship seized by Iran. The Indian Express . https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-cm-seeks-centres-intervention- for-safe-return-of-three-from-cargo-ship-seized-by-iran-9270662/

114.

Quamar

Md. Muddassir.

(2012). The Arab Spring and the Indian Urdu Press. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies , 36(1), 63–84. https://doi.org/10.1353/jsa.2012.0015

115.

Quamar

Md. Muddassir

, & Kumaraswamy

P. R.

(2019). The Kuwait Crisis of 1990–1991: The turning point in India’s Middle East Policy. Contemporary Review of the Middle East , 6(1), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347798918812287

116.

Radhakrishnan

Ratheesh.

(2009). The Gulf in the imagination: Migration, Malayalam cinema and regional identity. Contributions to Indian Sociology , 43(2), 217–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/006996670904300202

117.

Schoff

Wilfred Harvey.

(1912). Periplus (1st CE) anonymous, periplus of the Erythraean Sea (Schoff translation, Frisk Greek text). http://archive.org/details/periplus-1st- ce-anonymus-periplus-of-the-erythraean-sea-schoff-english-frisk-greek

118.

Seethi

K. M.

(2022). Migration, cultural remittance, and the social landscape of Kerala. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies , 16(4), 467–483. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2023.2165010

119.

Serhan

Yasmeen.

(2024, June 24). 20,000 Palestinian children are missing in Gaza: Report. TIME . https://time.com/6992508/gaza-children-save-missing-famine/

120.

Shailaja

K. K.

(2023, October 10). അധികാരഭ്രാന്തിന്റെയും പണക്കര.ാതിയുടെയും... (Adhikaarabhraanthinteyum panakkothiyudeyum...) [Facebook Post, @kkshailaja] . Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/kkshailaja/posts/pfbid09JhQ6uaxiyNrMwV posoXJmpYK1xKSEnHr4dKwwV3uZBa5snyiWmVHnyg52uk524el?ref=embed_post

121.

Sreejith

K. S.

(2023, October 16). Kerala’s liberal circles divided over stance on Israel-Hamas conflict. The New Indian Express . https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Oct/16/keralas-liberal-circlesdivided-over-stance-on-israel-hamas-conflict-2624244.html

122.

Surendran

(2023, October 27). Hamas leader Khaled Mashel’s virtual address at the Solidarity event in Malappuram is alarming. Where’s @pinarayivijayan’s Kerala Police? Under the guise of ‘Save Palestine,’ they’re glorifying Hamas, a terrorist organization, and its leaders as ‘warriors.’ This is unacceptable [X Post, @surendranbjp]. X. https://x.com/surendranbjp/status/1717924575458300086

123.

Swaraj

(2023, October 12). അവ എന്തുതന്നെ ചെയ്തിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിലും അവ... (Avan enthuthanne cheythittundengilum avan...) [Facebook Post, @ComradeMSwaraj]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/ComradeMSwaraj/posts/869310847919837?ref =embed_post

124.

Tharayil

Thomas.

(2023, October 27). ഇസ്രായേ ഹമാസ് സംഘ ഷം ഏതര.ാരു യുദ്ധം… (Israayel-hamaas sangharsham ethoru yudham...) [Facebook Post, @bishoptharayil]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/bishoptharayil/posts/pfbid0NAGxp E5eDsGvPmCRLQygfGm9Zo3oCrCVg8sjE67KZQTAw9g22Yk1q6gqdunYYu25l

125.

Tharoor

Ishaan.

(2024, February 9). Netanyahu’s delusional, deadly quest for ‘total victory’. Washington Post . https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/02/09/netanyahu-israel-total-victory-hamas-palestine/

126.

The APS Diplomat . (1984, July). The fate of the Arabian Peninsula, Index Volume 7.

127.

The Hindu . (2021, May 11). Centre confirms death of Kerala woman in a rocket attack on Israel . https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-confirms-death-of-kerala-woman-in-a-rocket-attack-on-israel/article60683858.ece

128.

The Hindu . (2022, December 13). Israel keen to cooperate with Kerala in agriculture, tourism: Official . https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/israel-keen-to-cooperate-with-kerala-in-agriculture-tourism-official/article66259623.ece

129.

The Hindu . (2023a, October 11). Kerala CPI(M) leader K.K. Shailaja decries ‘attack by Hamas terrorists’ in Israel . https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-cpim-leader-kk-shailaja-decries-attack-by-hamas-terrorists-in-israel/article67407266.ece

130.

The Hindu . (2023b, October 15). Bid to create communal divide in Kerala by holding rallies in support of Hamas, says BJP leader K. Surendran . https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/bid-to-create-communal-divide-in-kerala-by-holding-rallies-in-support-of-hamas-surendran/article67423985.ece

131.

The Hindu . (2023c, October 28). Former Hamas chief Khaled Mashal’s online speech sets off row in Kerala . https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/former-hamas-chief-addresses-solidarity-rally-at-malappuram-online/article67470560.ece

132.

The Hindu . (2023d, November 5). UDF accuses CPI(M) of using Palestine cause for narrow political ends . https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/udf-accuses-cpim-of-using-palestine-cause-for-narrow-political-ends/article67501488.ece

133.

The Hindu . (2023e, November 23). Congress affirms commitment to Palestine at Kozhikode rally . https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/congress-affirms-commitment-to-palestine-at-kozhikode-rally/article67566718.ece

134.

The Hindu . (2024, June 15). Loka Kerala Sabha expresses solidarity with people of Palestine . https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/loka-kerala-sabha-expresses-solidarity-with-people-of-palestine/article68293552.ece

135.

The New Indian Express . (2023, October 10). Kerala Chief Minister writes to Jaishankar to ensure safety of Keralites in Israel . https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Oct/10/kerala-chief-minister-writes-tojaishankar-to-ensure-safety-of-keralitesin-israel-2622580.html

136.

The Telegraph . (2000, July 2). Basu Stamp on Bridge to Israel . https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/basu-stamp-on-bridge-to-israel/cid/893436

137.

UN News. (2023, October 26). UN General Assembly adopts Gaza resolution calling for immediate and sustained ‘humanitarian truce’ . United Nations. https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142847

138.

United Nations Children’s Fund. (2023, December 19). UNICEF Geneva Palais briefing note—Gaza: The world’s most dangerous place to be a child . https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/unicef-geneva-palais-briefing-note-gaza-worlds-most-dangerous- place-be-child

139.

United Nations General Assembly. (1983, November 22). Importance of the universal realization of the right of peoples to self-determination and of the speedy granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples for the effective guarantee and observance of human rights (A/RES/37/17) . https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-184195/

140.

Veluthat

Kesavan.

(2011). The early Medieval in South India . Oxford University Press.

141.

Weiner

Myron.

(1982). International migration and development: Indians in the Persian Gulf. Population and Development Review , 8(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/1972688

142.

Wilson

Graeme H.

(2013). Zayed, man who built a nation . National Archives.

143.

Zachariah

K. C.

, & Irudaya Rajan

(2012). Kerala’s Gulf Connection, 1998–2011: Economic and social impact of migration . Orient Blackswan.

144.

Zachariah

K. C.

, Kannan

K. P.

, & Irudaya Rajan

(2002). Kerala’s Gulf Connection: CDS studies on international labour migration from Kerala state in India . Centre for Development Studies.

Kerala and the Gaza Crisis: Solidarity,Politics,and Media Responses

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References