Russia’s game in Belarus: 2020 presidential elections as a checkmate for Lukashenka?

Alachnovich A (2015) Big brother always helps. Belarus Digest, 19 August.

Balmaceda M (2014) Living the High Life in Minsk: Russian Energy Rents, Domestic Populism and Belarus’ Impending Crisis. Budapest: Central European University Press.

Barry E (2009) ‘Milk War’ strains Russia-Belarus ties. New York Times, 14 June.

BAW (2020) Количество сторонников союза с Россией в Беларуси сократилось на 11 процентов [The number of supporters of Russia in Belarus decreased by 11 percent], 24 November.

Belarusian Partisan (2020) Вардомацкий: Некоторые реверансы в сторону белорусского протеста Путиным уже сделаны. И это может повлиять на геополитические приоритеты белорусов [Vardomatsky: Putin has already made some curtsies towards the Belarusian protest. And this may affect the geopolitical priorities of Belarusians]. Available at: https://belaruspartisan.by/politic/518834/ (accessed 1 December 2020).

Bruce C (2005) Friction or Fiction? The Gas Factor in Russian-Belarusian Relations. Report, UK: Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, May.

Chubrik A (2018) Macroeconomic Update: How Big Is the Russian Energy Subsidy to Belarus. Report Nr. 2 (17), Belarus: BEROC.

Colombel M Good R (2020) Ties between Belarus and Russia cool ahead of presidential elections. Euronews, 7 August.

DW (2020) Russia pressures Lukashenko to change constitution. DW News, 26 November.

Ioffe G (2020) Russia and Belarus haggle over oil and gas prices. Eurasia Daily Monitor, 22 January.

ISANS (2020) Belarus: the birth of a nation or absorption by Putin’s empire. The International Strategic Action for Security, 14 September.

Jeffries I (2004) The Countries of the Former Soviet Union at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century: The Baltic and European States in Transition. New York, NY: Routledge.

Kononczuk W (2008) Difficult “ally”: Belarus in Russia’s foreign policy. Centre for Eastern Studies 1–55. Available at: https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/prace_28_1.pdf (accessed 5 December 2020).

Kruk D Bornukova K (2013) Decomposition of economic growth in Belarus. Free Network Policy Brief, BEROC.

Leukavets A (2015) Das Ende der politischen Isolation von Belarus: Mission (im)possible? Belarus Analyzen, Nr. 23, 19 October.

Leukavets A (2017) Belarus–Russia relations in 2017: behind the curtain of the long-lasting drama. Russian Analytical Digest, Nr. 206, 12 September.

Leukavets A (2019) A comparative analysis of Belarus’ and Ukraine’s integration policies through the prism of a two-level game approach. In: Kalra P Van Gils E (eds) Governance, Resilience and Order: Eurasia and Beyond, Under the Pressure of Global and Regional Change. Canterbury: University of Kent, pp. 67–87.

Leukavets A (2020) Election observation of the 2020 presidential elections in Belarus: main actors, electoral manipulations and lessons for the future. In: Electoral Malpractice, Cybersecurity and Political Consequences in Russia and Beyond. Aleksanteri Institute. Available at: https://blogs.helsinki.fi/elmarb-project/2020/10/09/election-observationof-the-2020-presidential-elections-in-belarus-main-actors-electoral-manipulations-and-lessonsfor-the-future/ (accessed 30 October 2020).

Liakhovich A (2011) Will Russia provide more loans to Lukashenka? Belarus Digest, 30 June.

Lough J Glod K (2020) Integration on hold for Russia and Belarus. Expert comment Chatham House, 14 January.

Marin A (2017) Minsk-Beijing: What kind of strategic partnership? Russie.Nei.Visions 102(5): 1–34.

Martinsen KD (2002) The Russian-Belarusian union and the near abroad. Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies 1–38. Available at: https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/99-01/martinsen.pdf (accessed 7 December 2020).

Mazol A (2018) Shrinking economic freedom and Milk War with Russia. Belarusian Economic Digest, 6 March.

Meister S (2010) The Economization of Russian Foreign Policy: The Conflict between Russia and Belarus Escalates. Report, Berlin: DGAP Standpunkt.

Murphy A (2019) Belarus–China relations. Minsk Dialogue Policy Paper (6), Minsk Dialogue Council on Foreign Relations.

Myfin.by (2020) Внешний долг в Беларуси [Belarusian external debt], 31 August. Available at: https://myfin.by/wiki/term/vneshnij-dolg-v-belarusi (accessed 30 October 2020).

Nice A (2012) Playing both sides: Belarus between Russia and the EU. DGAP Analyse, March Nr. 2: 1–14.

Pompeo M (2020) First shipment of U.S. oil to Belarus. US Department of State, Press Statement, 15 May.

Preiherman Y (2018) Dependent independence: what is the scope of the foreign policy of Belarus? Minsk Dialogue Comment Nr 19. Available at: https://minskdialogue.by/en/research/opinions/dependent-independence-what-is-the-scope-of-the-foreign-policy-of-belarus (accessed 1 December 2020).

Putnam RD (1988) Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games. International Organization, pp. 427–460.

Radio Free Europe (2016) EU lifts most sanctions on Belarus. 15 February.

RBK (2019) Белоруссия, Украина и Венесуэла оказались крупнейшими должниками России [Belarus, Ukraine and Venezuela turned out to be the greatest debtors of Russia]. RBK News, 19 August.

Reuters (2020) Russia tells Belarus leader to press ahead with constitutional reform. Reuters News, 26 November.

Shraibman A (2020) Oil spoils the Russia-Belarus romance. Carnegi Moscow Center. Available at: https://carnegie.ru/commentary/80905 (accessed 1 November 2020).

Soldatkin V (2020) Putin throws $1.5 billion lifeline to embattled Belarus leader. Reuters, 16 September.

State Statistical Service of the Republic of Belarus (2020) Main indicators of external trade of the republic of Belarus. Available at: https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/realny-sector-ekonomiki/statistika-vneshneekonomicheskoy-deyatelnosti/vneshnyaya-torgovlya-tovarami/godovye-dannye/osnovnye-pokazateli-vneshney-torgovli/ (accessed 30 October 2020).

Tass (2020) Lukashenko says Russia will provide assistance in ensuring Belarus’ security. Tass News Report, 15 August.

Tsikhamirau AV (2018) The significance of Eurasian and European integrations in the foreign policy of the Republic of Belarus (1991–2017). Journal of the Belarusian State University. International Relations 1: 18–29.

Vieira A Vasilyan S (2018) Armenia and Belarus: caught between the EU’s and Russia’s conditionalities? European Politics and Society 19(4): 471–489.

Wierzbowska-Miazga A (2013) Support as a means of subordination. Russia’s policy on Belarus. Report, OSW Point of View , Nr. 34, pp. 1–33.

Zogg B (2018) Belarus between east and west: the art of the deal. Report, CSS Analyses in Security Policy, 231.