What Can We Learn About Family-Based Obesity Treatment From Family Therapists?

Abstract

Introduction

The current gold standard of pediatric obesity treatment involves a family-based approach and behavioral modification, as posited by the 2007 American Academy of Pediatrics Expert Committee¹ and others.^2-4 However, pediatricians implementing family-based approaches typically have experience in dyadic interactions, with a child and a parent, and not entire families. Effective therapies, such as Motivational Interviewing,⁵ were initially utilized in areas outside of obesity, and adapted for use in weight management settings with families.⁶ Similarly, weight management clinicians could gain valuable insight from those experienced in family therapy, but not necessarily weight management.

The goal of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of perceptions and methods of family therapists outside the field of weight management. We sought to determine which theoretical models guide their treatment and explore successful approaches to engage and retain patients to inform future interventions for pediatric obesity treatment.

Methods

Interview Guides

Interviews were developed to probe family therapy practice and approaches, engage families in treatment, and identify barriers to family-based treatment. Interviews were semistructured to allow new areas of interest to emerge (Table 1).⁷ Interview guides were developed and tested via cognitive interviews.⁸ These were mock interviews with treatment providers (counselors, psychologists) who then provided feedback on how questions were asked. Guides were then modified to ensure clarity and ease of understanding. The average length of interviews was 30 minutes. All protocols, interview questions, and consent processes were approved by the Wake Forest University Health Sciences Institutional Review Board.

Table 1.

Family Therapist Interview Guide.

Questions regarding family therapy practice and approach
Q1	Can you describe the work that you do with families?
Q2	What theories or theoretical models do you use?
Q3	What specific family therapy techniques do you use?
Q4	How are children and families typically referred to your practice?
Q5	What about your approach do you feel works well?
Q6	What logistical aspects of your practice do you feel work well?
Q7	What about your approach has been challenging?
Questions regarding engaging families in treatment
Q8	How do you and the families decide who should be included in the therapy process?
Q9	How often do you have parts of the family involved where other significant family members are not present?
Q10	When might it be inappropriate to include other significant family members?
Q11	How do families typically feel about who is included?
Q12	When would you invite others from outside the immediate family into the therapy process?
Q13	If necessary, how do you help additional family members come to visits?
Q14	How do you help families buy into therapy, not in terms of attendance, but in their value for the therapy?
Q15	For those who attend therapy, how do you get them to actively participate in each session?
Q16	How do you help families make changes at home?
Q17	How do you help families initiate change in the family system if some family members are choosing not to participate?
Q18	When working with families, would you say that your focus is more on the family system as the target of change, or on individuals at the target of change?
Q19	How do you help your clients or your families focus on the family system rather than themselves as individuals?
Questions regarding barriers to treatment
Q20	What are some barriers to positive outcomes in family therapy for a family?
Q21	What are some barriers to positive outcomes in family therapy that you find in yourself as a professional?
Questions regarding referring to other health care providers/community resources
Q22	When might you include or refer to other health care providers?
Q23	When might you use other community resources?

Participants and Study Sites

Family-based mental health care providers were recruited through public contact listings (mostly email listserves) of professional mental health associations (Association of Marriage and Family Therapists, etc). An email describing the study was sent to members of these organizations; interested individuals were given enrollment instructions. Respondents who met eligibility criteria then were scheduled for a phone interview.

Subject Selection Criteria

Inclusion criteria were the following: licensure as a mental health professional, self-identification as a professional who routinely provides family therapy, English-speaking, and able to provide informed consent. We limited participation to therapists who are not primarily involved in weight management treatment, so we could gain unique and original perspectives from outside that specialty.

Data Collection

After completion of the consent process and demographic questionnaire, telephone interviews were digitally recorded using USB Blast (Goleta, CA) audio-recording technology. Interviews were transcribed verbatim.

Data Analysis

A content analysis approach was used to systematically code and aggregate responses, and then thematically analyze data.⁹ This iterative process allowed ideas to emerge from the transcripts, and incorporated various individuals’ experiences to build understanding of the data. Interview transcripts were initially reviewed to identify potential codes by 2 investigators (JAB, JAS). The study team created a common coding system, along with a data dictionary for each code to separately assign agreed-upon codes to relevant text. Initially developed codes were then modified as needed. The codes were compiled to compare broad categories and for ongoing comparisons and revisions.

Results

Fourteen therapists responded and were interviewed (Table 2). Most reported that they practiced family, individual, and couples therapy. Participants’ clinical practices included work with blended families, secondary trauma, and foster care system issues. Most reported working in private practice settings, but also nonprofit clinics, inpatient facilities, and in-home services. Referrals to their practices most often came through colleagues, schools, physicians, insurance panels, hospitals, former clients, and word-of-mouth. See Table 3 for notable quotes from interviews.

Table 2.

Family Therapist Information.

Title	Credentials	Gender	Years in Practice	Location
Clinical Psychologist	PhD	Female	30	Georgia
Counselor	MA, LPC	Female	17	North Carolina
Counselor	LLC	Female	16	North Carolina
Therapist	PhD	Female	9	North Carolina
Therapist	PhD	Female	35	Massachusetts
Professor, Therapist	PhD, ABPP member	Male	38	Kentucky
Clinical Social Worker	LCSW	Female	14	Illinois
Clinical Social Worker	LCSW	Female	5	Indiana
Therapist	LMFT	Female	16	North Carolina
Therapist	MA, LMFT	Male	20	North Carolina
Therapist	LMFT	Female	10	North Carolina
Therapist	LMFT	Male	6	North Carolina
Director of Social Services	Degree unspecified	Male	15	Louisiana
Clinical Social Worker	LCSW	Male	10	North Carolina

Abbreviations: MA, Master of Arts; LPC/LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor; ABPP, American Board of Professional Psychology; LCSW, Licensed Clinical Social Worker; LMFT, Licensed Marriage and Family Counselor.

Table 3.

Notable Quotations.

What specific family therapy techniques do you use?

“I try to understand . . . how the family works as a unit, as an entire system, ways in which the family is divided into various subsystems, and the ways in which individuals within those subsystems and the more larger system see things for themselves. . . . I hopefully see things through their eyes in ways that will help me navigate that system and those subsystems in helpful ways.”

What about your approach do you feel works well?

“It’s not about the technique. It’s not about the strategy, necessarily. It’s not about anything much but establishing rapport and establishing relationship.”

“I’m very direct. . . . I do a lot of conceptualization and educating and have people look at things, not so much about the content of their week, but about the context from which they see things and how they could see things from different perspectives. And I think it empowers them to not feel stuck. . . . I really set goals and I try to push people.”

What about your approach has been challenging?

“[My approach] involves changing your behavior usually. And that is challenging. To get, figure out what the hook is for each person. What thread you can help them pull or you can pull to . . . get movement started. Whether it’s . . . breaking up a cycle of fighting in a family or getting a parent to set limits on a child who he/she is having trouble setting limits on.”

“Sometimes the challenge is to get the family to buy into [the] idea that the problem doesn’t merely exist within a person, but that it can also coexist among people. So rather than, ‘Is it the child or is it us?’ I like to think of it as it’s ‘both, and.’”

How do you and the families decide who should be included in the therapy process?

“I try to explain [to families] that it’s not just an individual problem and therefore it’s not an individual solution.”

“If I can craft a conversation so that the family feels some ownership in making that decision, they’re more likely to want to participate. On the other hand, I really want them to be involved so I have to be pretty careful about how I . . . craft their ability to make the decision. Because . . . if they’re not going to be involved, I can only affect their situation in a limited kind of way. And so sometimes it’s education around that for families. It’s me helping them understand why I need them involved and what will happen if they are and if they aren’t.”

How often do you have parts of the family involved where other significant family members are not present?

“It’s not my first choice, but I feel like work can be done and it’s more important to kind of work on something than to be too strict . . . unless someone is really essential. But I think generally, it makes sense to people to have the people involved all working together.”

How do families typically feel about who is included?

“By and large, I think that most [families] are curious and willing to at least participate initially. And then therein is where I think the skill of the therapist comes in. If the therapist . . . does an effective job of creating a safe place for all people and to give attention to each member having voice . . . like an orchestra conductor or a symphony conductor. The therapist may from time to time need to restrain some patients from interrupting. And I think as long as the therapist creates a safe and secure place for all parties to be heard, then every rarely will have much resistance to that.”

When would you invite others from outside the immediate family into the therapy process?

“Anytime they’re actively involved in the family. I think I use a pretty broad definition of family. To me, it’s not biological or legal. It’s who is in this . . . client’s life that is active and significant. That’s probably the best word. Who is it that’s significant in this client’s life?”

How do you help families buy into therapy, not in terms of attendance, but in their value for the therapy?

“I think the most important thing is . . . having an ongoing dialogue with the family about their perception of the value. . . . What are their goals? What is it that they wish to change in their life and in…their family? What’s their perception . . . of the problem and where the problem came from? Then also that I may have a different perspective or professional expertise to offer them on where the problem may have come from, but . . . that’s not just mine to impose. And of course, an ongoing dialogue of what we each think is going to help the problem change and help them move toward . . . their goals.”

For those who attend therapy, how do you get them to actively participate in each session?

“Trying to get [the family] to sort of see [therapy] as . . . a microcosm, my office. [I] say, ‘Here’s what we want it to look like when you leave, so let’s practice in here.’ So that when you go out into the world that you can maybe practice some of what we’re practicing in here.”

How do you help families make changes at home?

“We’re creatures of habits. So I tell them it will not be uncommon for them to return to old patterns. . . . I talk to them about homeostasis. That we have a tendency to return to what is familiar, or a set point, a balance. And that the family has grown accustomed to a certain way of being, and that our efforts here in therapy you know are good, but the patterns that have been entrenched are gonna find themselves back in the family. And to not be discouraged by that.”

“I think that the other thing is baby steps. I think expecting and encouraging change in big giant steps is not realistic. So it’s breaking things down into ‘Can you just do one or two things this week?’ and then ‘Let’s come back and talk about what went well. What were the obstacles?’ and then add to that for the next week. I think too many things at one time is [going to] mean that they don’t do anything.”

How do you help families initiate change in the family system if some family members are choosing not to participate?

“I look at the relationships in families as somewhat as a dance. That if you make significant changes, that person has a choice to change with you or to stay the same. But ultimately you will change the dynamic just because you are changing yourself. So even if you have someone who’s not willing to participate, you know it’s important to remember that that doesn’t mean that you have to stay stagnant.”

“My assumption is that everyone (a) wants to change and (b) that everyone is capable of changing. And then from more of . . . a systems orientation, that people cannot not change. That either you’re gonna get worse, or you’re gonna get better.”

When working with families, would you say that your focus is more on the family system as the target of change, or on individuals at the target of change?

“I think that it’s probably a lot of both because there are times when you work with families that you really want to see a specific family member make a change or recognize an area that a change is needed. But in order to get that specific family person [to] see, often times it has to be done through a family systems approach.”

How do you help your clients or your families focus on the family system rather than themselves as individuals?

“We talk about who’s in charge in the family, who makes decisions. ‘How does business get done?’ Things like that. I’ll ask those kinds of sequential, sequence-informing questions like, ‘So what happens after that?’ and ‘And then what happens?’ So that people begin to see how things get linked together.”

“By consistently focusing family members’ attention on their relationship and interactions and communications with each other, rather than on any individual family member, behavior in isolation. . . . And that definitely includes helping parents understand their children’s behavior as a form of communication and that that occurs in a relational system.”

What are some barriers to positive outcomes in family therapy that you find in yourself as a professional?

“I also need to be a change agent and introducing some new ideas and values . . . getting that balance right so that I’m getting the outside input in but without alienating the family so that the relationship cuts off and they’re not open to the input.”

All participating therapists interviewed reported integrating theoretical models and specific approaches into their work. The most commonly reported theories included cognitive behavioral therapy,¹⁰ structural family therapy,¹¹ and family systems therapy.¹² Others used brief solution-focused therapy,¹³ ecological systems theory,¹⁴ and attachment theory.¹⁵ Specific family therapy techniques implemented with structural techniques including enactment (family members acting out transactional patterns within a session so that the therapist can intervene), constructing genograms, role-playing, communication techniques, strategic techniques, solutions-focused techniques, play-based activities, education, and family sculpting.

Approach

Therapists discussed which aspects of their approach they felt either were successful or challenging (see Table 4 for a summary).

Table 4.

Successful and Challenging Aspects of Therapists’ Approaches.

Successful Aspects of Approach	Conceptual	• Providing unique perspectives to families
		• Building rapport/providing support/collaborating with families
		• Implementing strength- and solutions-based techniques
		• Empowering families
		Assuming direct approaches
		• Goal-setting
		• Respecting family members’ autonomy
	Logistical	• Gaining experience as a therapist
		• Creating a relaxing office environment
		• Maintaining flexibility in timing/makeup of appointments
		• Limiting financial burden on families
Challenging Aspects of Approach	Family-derived	• Families identifying one member as the sole source of pathology
	Family- and therapist-derived	• Inability to form a connection with each other
	Therapist-derived	• Personal preference/comfort for one modality over another
	Logistical	• Lack of insurance coverage

Family Participants

Therapists most often described a collaborative approach in deciding who should be included in the therapy. Often families led this conversation, with the therapist making suggestions; rarely was the family or therapist alone the sole determinant of who was involved in the treatment. A subset of therapists felt it imperative to meet with separate groups, or “subsystems,” rather than meeting with all family members each session. Conversely, therapists were fairly consistent on when it might be inappropriate to include certain significant family members, including when a patient might feel unsafe, if abuse was occurring in the home, or if certain topics of discussion would be inappropriate for younger children. They noted that some parents participating in family therapy with their children lack an understanding of how other family members might be related to a problem. Furthermore, most therapists acknowledged that when someone from outside the immediate family was related to an issue, that person should be invited into the therapy process. These persons were most often reported to be primary care providers, school counselors, teachers, extended family, pastors/priests, and friends. If necessary, therapists reported sometimes contacting these individuals directly and explaining the importance of their involvement, encouraging their clients to do the same, and allowing flexibility in their schedule to accommodate these additional participants.

Engagement

To help families find value in family therapy, therapists advocated being direct and honest with families (explaining their approach/plan to families, educating families on their methods, and recognizing themselves as outside perspectives to issues) and building a strong therapist–family relationship (gaining the family’s trust and building rapport). Therapists also recognized the importance of initially inviting everyone in a family to participate in therapy, and maintaining ongoing feedback regarding the efficacy of sessions.

For those who did attend therapy, therapists reported facilitating their active participation via flexibility in who participated, asking for regular feedback about how therapy was progressing, and highlighting the importance of families generating change for themselves. To assist families making changes at home, therapists most often cited creating homework assignments, formulating manageable goals between sessions, fostering accountability in patients, offering encouragement when changes were made, and practicing during a session. If some family members chose not to participate in therapy, therapists maintained that families could still initiate change in the family system. Therapists recognized that if they were successful in explaining to families the “ripple effect,” or the concept that if one person in a family system changes everyone will be affected, in addition to keeping uninvolved family members abreast of plans, changes in the system could still occur.

Most therapists reported focusing on either the family system or both the family system and individual. They found it helpful to show families how their interactions and relationships were linked via explanations of Family Systems Theory,¹⁶ and providing examples of real-life scenarios. Therapists reported that a family’s reactions to this concept varied; some acknowledging the value of viewing a family as interconnected, while some did not find it helpful or did not understand the interplay.

Treatment Barriers

The most commonly reported treatment barriers included lack of acceptance from significant members of a family, inadequate resources (psychosocially and financially), scheduling issues, and external issues (ongoing substance abuse in the household, financial constraints, etc). Therapists reported their own barriers to positive outcomes as not being the best “fit” for a particular family secondary to personality differences, pressures on their productivity that force them to limit caseloads, lack of financial support for continued education/training, and insurance plans that did not consistently cover family therapy.

Referrals

Every therapist reported frequently referring clients to other health care providers. The most common reasons for referrals included when issues were deemed outside the realm of the therapist’s professional expertise (eg, patients had medical or substance abuse problems), if clients required additional forms of therapy, or if a therapist and family were not making progress. All therapists reported recommending community resources for their families. Commonly mentioned support groups were church/faith-based services, sports teams, social services for children, and more specific services based on the presenting issue (financial support, mediation in divorced couples, career counseling, etc).

Conclusion

The therapists interviewed stressed the importance of obtaining family acceptance and understanding of family therapy, encouraging other members to participate, and appreciate its potential value. This was successful when therapists assumed a direct and honest approach with families and explained the “ripple effect.” Therapists also recommended engaging families collaboratively to determine who should be included in treatment, maintaining flexibility in scheduling appointments, allowing families to “practice” in clinic, and recognizing families’ complexity. Although not specific to pediatric obesity, key ideas reported here may be translated into this field.

The main limitation of the study was its small size (n = 14) and the self-reported nature of the information from therapists. Nevertheless, their insights may assist family-based pediatric obesity treatment providers. While more research is needed to understand dynamics of obesity and families, this study will provide additional tools and approaches for family-based obesity treatment.

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Karen Klein, MA, ELS (Biomedical Research Services and Administration, Wake Forest University Health Sciences), for editing this article.

Author Contributions

JAB contributed to conception and design; contributed to acquisition, analysis, and interpretation; drafted manuscript; critically revised manuscript; gave final approval; agrees to be accountable for all aspects of work ensuring itegrity and accuracy.

MBI contributed to conception and design; contributed to acquisition, analysis, and interpretation; critically revised manuscript; gave final approval; agrees to be accountable for all aspects of work ensuring itegrity and accuracy.

SGK contributed to conception and design; contributed to interpretation; critically revised manuscript; gave final approval; agrees to be accountable for all aspects of work ensuring itegrity and accuracy.

EMA contributed to conception and design; contributed to interpretation; critically revised manuscript; gave final approval; agrees to be accountable for all aspects of work ensuring itegrity and accuracy.

JAS contributed to conception and design; contributed to acquisition, analysis, and interpretation; drafted manuscript.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Dr Skelton has been a consultant for Nestlé Corporation, which was not involved in any part of this research and did not fund any aspects of the research. The other authors have no conflict of interests to declare.

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Dr Skelton was supported in part through an NIH Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award (K23 HD061597). Dr Bishop was supported by an NIH Short-Term Training for Medical Students Award (T35 DK007400; PI: Reid).

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