Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2025-7
Sociodemographic Inequalities in Student Achievement: An Intersectional Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA)
Sociodemographic inequalities in student achievement are a persistent concern for education systems and are increasingly recognized to be intersectional. Intersectionality considers the multidimensional nature of disadvantage, appreciating the interlocking social determinants which shape individual experience. Intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) is a new approach developed in population health but new to educational research. In this study, we introduce and apply this approach to study sociodemographic inequalities in student achievement across two cohorts of students in London, England. We define 144 intersectional strata arising from combinations of student age, gender, free school meal status, special educational needs, and ethnicity. We find substantial stratum-level variation in achievement composed primarily by additive rather than interactive effects with results stubbornly consistent across the two cohorts. We conclude that policymakers should pay greater attention to multiply marginalized students and intersectional MAIHDA provides a useful approach to study their experiences.
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