This project examines white student learning in the Intergroup People of Color-White People Dialogues (POC-WHITE) and Intragroup White Racial Identity Dialogues (IWRID) at a small liberal arts college in the Northeast. Specifically, in this article, we explore the following research question: At the conclusion of the dialogues, how do white students conceptualize their white racial identity in relation to ally development and motivation to engage in antiracist action? Through content analyses of student papers, this study advances our understanding of how white students make sense of alliance building in an effort to create social change; it also extends national efforts to conduct research on inter/intragroup dialogues and their impact on white students.
AdamsMaurianneBellLee AnneGriffinPat, eds. 2007. Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice. 2nd ed.New York, NY: Routledge.
2.
AlcoffLinda. 1998. “What Should White People Do?” Hypatia13(3):6–26.
3.
AlimoCraig. 2012. “From Dialogue to Action: The Impact of Cross-race Intergroup Dialogue on the Development of White College Students as Racial Allies.” Equity and Excellence in Education45(1):36–59.
4.
BaileyAlison. 1998. “Locating Traitorous Identities: Toward a View of Privilege-Cognizant White Character.” Hypatia13(3):27–42.
5.
BergBruce. 2007. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.
6.
BerkowitzAlan. 2003. “Applications of Social Norms Theory to Other Health and Social Justice Issues.” Pp. 259–79 in The Social Norms Approach to Preventing School and College Age Substance Abuse: A Handbook for Educators, Counselors, and Clinicians, edited by PerkinsH. W.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
7.
BishopAnne. 1994. Becoming an Ally: Breaking the Cycle of Oppression. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
8.
BoboLawrenceKluegelJames R.1993. “Opposition to Race Targeting: Self-interests, Stratification, Ideology, or Racial Attitudes?” American Sociological Review58:443–64.
9.
BonnettAlastair. 1996. “‘White Studies’: The Problems and Projects of a New Research Agenda.” Theory, Culture and Society13(2):145–55.
10.
BonnettAlastair. 1997. “Geography, ‘Race’ and Whiteness: Invisible Traditions and Current Challenges.” Area29(3):93–199.
11.
Bonilla-SilvaEduardo. 2014. Racism without Racists: Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
12.
Bonilla-SilvaEduardoFormanTyrone. 2000. “‘I Am Not Racist, but . . . ’: Mapping White College Students’ Racial Ideology in the USA.” Discourse and Society11(1):50–85.
13.
BrandyberryLisa. 1999. “Pain and Perseverance: Perspectives from an Ally.” Journal of Counseling and Development77(1):7–9.
14.
BroidoEllen. 2000. “The Development of Social Justice Allies during College: A Phenomenological Investigation.” Journal of College Student Development41(1):3–18.
15.
BroidoEllenReasonRobert. 2005. “The Development of Social Justice Attitudes and Actions: An Overview of Current Understandings.” New Directions for Student Services2005(110):17–28.
16.
BrunsmaDavidPlacierPeggyBrownEric. 2013. “Teaching Race at Historically White Colleges and Universities: Identifying and Dismantling the Walls of Whiteness.” Critical Sociology39(5):717–73.
17.
BurkhardtJohnChambersTony. 2003. “Kellogg Forum on Higher Education for the Public Good: Contributing to the Practice of Democracy.” Diversity Digest1(2):1–2.
18.
BushMelanie. 2011. Everyday Forms of Whiteness: Understanding Race in a “Post-Racial” World. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
19.
CabreraNolan. 2012. “Working through Whiteness: White, Male College Students Challenging Racism.” The Review of Higher Education35(3):375–401.
20.
CaseKim. 2012. “Discovering the Privilege of Whiteness: White Women’s Reflections on Anti-Racist Identity and Ally Behavior.” Journal of Social Issues68(1):78–96.
21.
ChaissonReba L.2004. “A Crack in the Door: Critical Race Theory in Practice at a Predominantly White Institution.” Teaching Sociology32(4):345–57.
22.
DoaneAshley W.1997. “Dominant Group Ethnic Identity in the United States: The Role of ‘Hidden’ Ethnicity in Intergroup Relations.” The Sociological Quarterly38(3):375–97.
23.
EdwardsKeith. 2006. “Aspiring Social Justice Ally Identity Development: A Conceptual Model.” NASPA Journal43(4):39–60.
24.
EichstedtJennifer. 2001. “Problematic White Identities and a Search for Racial Justice.” Sociological Forum16(3):445–70.
25.
EmersonRobert M.FretzRachel I.ShawLinda. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
26.
FordKristie. 2012. “Shifting White Ideological Scripts: The Educational Benefits of Inter- and Intra-Racial Curricular Dialogues on the Experiences of White College Students.” Journal of Diversity in Higher Education5(3):138–58.
27.
FordKristieMalaneyVictoria. 2012. “‘I Now Harbor More Pride in My Race’: The Educational Benefits of Inter- and Intraracial Dialogues on the Experiences of Students of Color and Multiracial Students.” Journal of Equity and Excellence in Education45(1):14–35.
28.
FrankenbergRuth. 1993. White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
29.
FrankenbergRuth. 2001. “The Mirage of an Unmarked Whiteness.” Pp. 72–96 in The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness, edited by RasmussenB.KlinenbergE.NexicaI. J.WrayM.Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
30.
FreirePaulo. 2000. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York, NY: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc.
31.
GirouxHenry A.1999. “Rewriting the Discourse of Racial Identity: Towards a Pedagogy and Politics of Whiteness.” Pp. 224–52 in Becoming and Unbecoming White: Owning and Disowning a Racial Identity, edited by ClarkC.O’DonnellJ.Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.
32.
GoodmanDiane. 2001. Promoting Diversity and Social Justice: Educating People from Privileged Groups. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
33.
Gurin-SandsChloéGurinPatricia. 2012. “Fostering a Commitment to Social Action: How Talking, Thinking, and Feeling Make a Difference in Intergroup Dialogue.” Equity & Excellence in Education45(1):60–79.
34.
HardimanRita. 1994. “White Racial Identity Development in the United States.”. Pp. 32–66 in SalettE. P.KoslowD. R. (Eds.), Race, Ethnicity, and Self: Identity in Multicultural Perspectives. Washington, DC: National Multicultural Institute.
35.
HardimanRitaJacksonBailey. 1992. “Racial Identity Development: Understanding Racial Dynamics in College Classrooms and on Campus.” In AdamsM. (Ed.), Promoting Diversity in College Classrooms: Innovative Responses for Curriculum, Faculty, and Institutions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
36.
HardimanRitaKeehnMolly. 2012. “White Racial Development Revisited.” Pp. 121–37 in New Perspectives on Racial Identity Development: Integrating Emerging Frameworks, edited by WijeyesingheC. L.JacksonB. W.III. New York, NY: New York University Press.
37.
HarroBobbie. 2000. “The Cycle of Socialization.” Pp. 9–15 in Readings for Diversity and Social Justice, edited by AdamsM.BlumefeldW.CastañedaC.HackmanH.PetersM.ZúñigaX.New York, NY: Routledge.
38.
HartiganJohnJr.1997. “Establishing the Fact of Whiteness.” American Anthropologist99(3):495–505.
39.
HartiganJohnJr.1999. Racial Situations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
40.
HartiganJohnJr.2001. “‘White Devils’ Talk Back: What Antiracists Can Learn from Whites in Detroit.” Pp. 139–66 in The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness, edited by RasmussenB. B.KlinenbergE.NexicaI. J.WrayM.Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
41.
HartmannDouglasGerteisJosephCrollPaul R.2009. “An Empirical Assessment of Whiteness Theory: Hidden from How Many?” Social Problems56(3):403–24.
42.
HelmsJanet E.1990. Black and White Racial Identity: Theory, Research, and Practice. Westport: Greenwood.
43.
HelmsJanet E.1995. “An Update of Helm’s White and People of Color Racial Identity Models.” Pp. 181–98 in Handbook of Multicultural Counseling, edited by PonterottoJ. G.CasasJ. M.SuzukaL. A.AlexanderC. M.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
44.
HelmsJanet. 2008. A Race Is A Nice Thing to Have: A Guide to Being a White Person or Understanding White Persons in Your Life. Hanover, MA: Microtraining Associates, Inc.
45.
HugheyMatthew. 2010. “The White Savior Film and Reviewers’ Reception.” Symbolic Interaction33(3):475–96.
46.
HugheyMatthew. 2012. White Bound: Nationalists, Antiracists, and the Shared Meanings of Race. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
47.
JohnsonAllan. 2006. Privilege, Power, and Difference. Boston: McGraw Hill.
48.
KellingtonStephanie. 2002. “Looking at the Invisible: A Q-Methodological Investigation of Young White Women’s Construction of Whiteness.” Pp. 153–78 in Working through International Perspectives, edited by Levine-RaskyC.Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
49.
KendallFrances. 2006. Understanding White Privilege. New York: Routledge.
50.
KinderDonaldSandersLynn. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
51.
KivelPaul. 1996. Uprooting Racism: How White People Can Work for Racial Justice. Philadelphia, PA: New Society.
52.
KleinmanSherryl. 1996. Opposing Ambitions: Gender and Identity in an Alternative Organization. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
53.
LewisAmanda. 2004. “What Group? Study Whites and Whiteness in the Era of ‘Colorblindness.’” Sociological Theory22(4):623–46.
McDermottMonicaSamsonFrank. 2005. “White Racial and Ethnic identity in the United States.” Annual Review of Sociology31:245–61.
56.
McKinneyKaryn. 2005. Being White: Stories of Race and Racism. New York, NY: Routledge.
57.
MichaelAliCongerMary. 2009. “Becoming an Anti-Racist White Ally: How a White Affinity Group Can Help.” Perspective on Urban Education6(1):56–60.
58.
NagdaBiren R. A.GurinPatriciaSorensenNicholasZúñigaXimena. 2009. “Evaluating Intergroup Dialogue: Engaging Diversity for Personal and Social Responsibility.” Diversity & Democracy12(1):1–5.
59.
ReasonRobert D.2007. “Rearticulating Whiteness: A Precursor to Difficult Dialogues on Race.” College of Student Affairs Journal26(2):127–35.
60.
ReasonRobert D.MillarElizabeth R.ScalesTara C.2005. “Toward a Model of Racial Justice Ally Development.” Journal of College Student Development46(5):530–46.
61.
RoedigerDavid. 1991. Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. London: Verso.
62.
RoosaMillarElizabethScaresReasonRobert2005. “Encouraging the Development of Racial Justice Allies.” New Directions for Student Services2005(110):55–66.
63.
RothenbergPaula, ed. 2002. White Privilege: Essential Readings on the Other Side of Racism. New York: Worth Publishers.
64.
RoweWayneBennettSandra K.AtkinsonDonald R.1994. “White Racial Identity Models: A Critique and Alternative Proposal.” The Counseling Psychologist22(1):129–46.
65.
SchumanHowardSteehCharlotteBoboLawrenceKrysanMaria. 1997. Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
66.
ShentonAndrew K.2004. “Strategies for Ensuring Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research Projects.” Education for Information22(2):63–75.
67.
SmithLauraRedingtonRebecca, 2010. “Lessons from the Experiences of White Antiracist Activists.” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice41(6):541–49.
68.
SnidermanPaul M.PiazzaThomas. 1993. The Scar of Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
69.
SorensenNicholasNagdaBirenGurinPatriciaMaxwellKelly. 2009. “Taking a ‘Hands On’ Approach to Diversity in Higher Education: A Critical-Dialogic Model for Effective Intergroup Interaction.” Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy9(1):3–35.
70.
SrivastavaSarita. 2005. “‘You’re Calling Me a Racist?’ The Moral and Emotional Regulation of Antiracism and Feminism.” Signs31(1):29–62.
71.
TatumBeverly. 2003. “Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?” and Other Conversations about Race. New York, NY: Basic Books.
72.
TerryRobert. 1981. “The Negative Impact on White Values.” Pp. 199–51 in Impacts of Racism on White Americans, edited by BowserB.HuntR.Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
73.
TrainorJennifer S.2002. “‘Critical Pedagogy’s “Other’: Constructions of Whiteness in Education for Social Change.” College Composition and Communication53(4):631–50.
74.
ZúñigaXimenaNagdaBirenCheslerMarkCytronAdena. 2007. Intergroup Dialogue in Higher Education: Meaningful Learning about Social Justice. Washington, D.C.: ASHE.
