Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2025-12
Evaluating the Impact of the Zero Rupiah Policy Passport (ZRPP) on International Migration as a Coping Mechanism for Climate-Induced Displacement: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis
This study evaluates the impact of Indonesia’s Zero Rupiah Passport Policy (ZRPP) on international migration as a coping mechanism for climate-induced displacement. Introduced by the Government of Indonesia to reduce financial barriers to passport acquisition, the ZRPP has reshaped migration patterns, particularly among communities affected by climate disasters.
Using Indonesia’s Potential Village data (PODES) from 2008 to 2021 and employing the Difference-in-Differences (DD) methodology, this research analyzes the causal relationship between ZRPP and migration decisions. Sub-districts affected by climate disasters are identified as the treatment group, while unaffected areas serve as the control group.
Key Findings:
The ZRPP proved instrumental in facilitating migration for vulnerable populations from disaster-prone areas, reducing economic barriers and enabling mobility.
Migration decisions were significantly influenced by the need for safety and better opportunities abroad, particularly after climate-related disasters.
The education, skills and development program, health facilities, and vulnerable families were found to have a significant effect on international migration.
Policy Recommendations:
Strengthen security, healthcare access, and job opportunities in disaster-prone regions by coordinating efforts between the Ministry of Manpower, BNPB (National Agency of Disaster Management), Ministry of Social Affairs, and local governments.
The Ministry of Home Affairs and Ministry of Social Affairs can offer assistance for minority communities impacted by climate disasters and social tensions.
The Ministry of Manpower can align the Zero Rupiah Passport Policy (ZRPP) with climate adaptation policies so that migrant workers are better protected.
Develop long-term disaster resilience initiatives through BNPB, the Ministry of Social Affairs, and local governments, ensuring preparedness and sustainable recovery support.
Carry out regular evaluations of support and migration programs, coordinated by BAPPENAS (Ministry of National Development Planning) and relevant ministries, to keep them effective and responsive to changing conditions.
Build stronger regional cooperation, with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and ASEAN working together on joint frameworks to protect migrants from climate and social risks.
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