Vision impairment caused by cornea-related diseases seriously affects patients’ quality of life, and the shortage of corneal donors prompts the search for more substitutes. The three-dimensional bioprinting technology has rapidly developed in recent years and provides new hope for corneal transplantation and regeneration. This review discusses the crosslinking methods of different bioinks, such as ion crosslinking, physical crosslinking, and photocrosslinking for bioprinting. We then summarized the characteristics of biomacromolecule-based bioinks, including decellularized extracellular matrix and natural polymer-based bioinks, such as alginate, gelatin, gelatin methacrylate, hyaluronic acid, and collagen, highlighting the respective disadvantages of single-component hydrogel inks and improvements (mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and light transmittance) for cornea bioprinting. We also focused on the assistant bioinks, including support baths and sacrificial inks, and explored their potential in high-fidelity bioprinting and the preparation of porous hydrogels. In addition, bioinks for corneal structure bionics, regenerative functions, and clinical applications are discussed. Finally, we discuss the evaluation of bioinks for creating functional corneal substitutes and look forward to the combination of bioprinting and other biofabrication methods. In summary, this review presents the latest advancements of corneal bioinks, discusses the potential preparation strategy, and challenges in the development and evaluation of new generation bioinks in the field of corneal regenerative medicine.
PatelS, TutchenkoL. The refractive index of the human cornea: A review. Cont Lens Anterior Eye, 2019; 42(5):575–580; doi: 10.1016/j.clae.2019.04.018
2.
HernándezJ, SantosN, AhumadaM. Advances in 3D bioprinting for corneal regeneration. Gels, 2025; 11(6):422; doi: 10.3390/gels11060422
3.
JakabK, NorotteC, DamonB, et al.Tissue engineering by self-assembly of cells printed into topologically defined structures. Tissue Eng Part A, 2008; 14(3):413–421; doi: 10.1089/tea.2007.0173
4.
MoroniL, BolandT, BurdickJA, et al.Biofabrication: A guide to technology and terminology. Trends Biotechnol, 2018; 36(4):384–402; doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.10.015
5.
DerakhshanfarS, MbeleckR, XuK, et al.3D bioprinting for biomedical devices and tissue engineering: A review of recent trends and advances. Bioact Mater, 2018; 3(2):144–156; doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.11.008
6.
MalekpourA, ChenX. Printability and cell viability in extrusion-based bioprinting from experimental, computational, and machine learning views. J Funct Biomater, 2022; 13(2):40; doi: 10.3390/jfb13020040
7.
WijshoffH. The dynamics of the piezo inkjet printhead operation. Phys Rep, 2010; 491(4–5):77–177; doi: 10.1016/j.physrep.2010.03.003
8.
CuiX, BolandT, D’LimaDD, et al.Thermal inkjet printing in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul, 2012; 6(2):149–155; doi: 10.2174/187221112800672949
9.
ChenXB, Fazel Anvari-YazdiA, DuanX, et al.Biomaterials/bioinks and extrusion bioprinting. Bioact Mater, 2023; 28:511–536; doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.06.006
10.
BuwaldaSJ, BoereKWM, DijkstraPJ, et al.Hydrogels in a historical perspective: From simple networks to smart materials. J Control Release, 2014; 190:254–273; doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.03.052
11.
HazurJ, DetschR, KarakayaE, et al.Improving alginate printability for biofabrication: Establishment of a universal and homogeneous pre-crosslinking technique. Biofabrication, 2020; 12:45004; doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab98e5
12.
PanwarA, TanLP. Current status of bioinks for micro-extrusion-based 3D bioprinting. Molecules, 2016; 21(6):685; doi: 10.3390/molecules21060685
ChenY-C, LinR-Z, QiH, et al.Functional human vascular network generated in photocrosslinkable gelatin methacrylate hydrogels. Adv Funct Mater, 2012; 22(10):2027–2039; doi: 10.1002/adfm.201101662
15.
OuyangL, HighleyCB, SunW, et al.A generalizable strategy for the 3D bioprinting of hydrogels from nonviscous photo-crosslinkable inks. Adv Mater, 2017; 29(8):1604983; doi: 10.1002/adma.201604983
KimH, ParkM-N, KimJ, et al.Characterization of cornea-specific bioink: High transparency, improved in vivo safety. J Tissue Eng, 2018; 10:1–12; doi: 10.1177/2041731418823382
18.
ParkJ, LeeKP, KimH, et al.Biocompatibility evaluation of bioprinted decellularized collagen sheet implanted in vivo cornea using swept-source optical coherence tomography. J Biophotonics, 2019; 12(11):e201900098; doi: 10.1002/jbio.201900098
19.
LuoH, LuY, WuT, et al.Construction of tissue-engineered cornea composed of amniotic epithelial cells and acellular porcine cornea for treating corneal alkali burn. Biomaterials, 2013; 34(28):6748–6759; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.045
20.
Arenas-HerreraJE, KoIK, AtalaA, et al.Decellularization for whole organ bioengineering. Biomed Mater, 2013; 8(1):014106; doi: 10.1088/1748-6041/8/1/014106
21.
CrapoPM, GilbertTW, BadylakSF. An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes. Biomaterials, 2011; 32(12):3233–3243; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.01.057, 21296410
22.
Nara S, Chameettachal S, Midha S, et al. Preservation of biomacromolecular composition and ultrastructure of a decellularized cornea using a perfusion bioreactor. RSC Adv 2016;6(3):2225–2240; doi: 10.1039/c5ra20745b
23.
Wang F, Zhang W, Qiao Y, et al. ECM-like adhesive hydrogel for the regeneration of large corneal stromal defects. Adv Healthc Mater 2023;12(21):e2300192; doi: 10.1002/adhm.202300192
24.
ZhangJ, WehrleE, RubertM, et al.3D bioprinting of human tissues: Biofabrication, bioinks, and bioreactors. Int J Mol Sci, 2021; 22(8):3971; doi: 10.3390/ijms22083971
25.
ChandruA, AgrawalP, OjhaSK, et al.Human cadaveric donor cornea derived extra cellular matrix microparticles for minimally invasive healing/regeneration of corneal wounds. Biomolecules, 2021; 11(4):532; doi: 10.3390/biom11040532
26.
UnagollaJM, JayasuriyaAC. Hydrogel-based 3D bioprinting: A comprehensive review on cell-laden hydrogels, bioink formulations, and future perspectives. Appl Mater Today, 2020; 18:100479; doi: 10.1016/j.apmt.2019.100479
27.
ManchaSE, Gomez-BlancoJC, LopezNE, et al.Hydrogels for bioprinting: A systematic review of hydrogels synthesis, bioprinting parameters, and bioprinted structures behavior. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2020; 8:776; doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00776
28.
Gungor-OzkerimPS, InciI, ZhangYS, et al.Bioinks for 3D bioprinting: An overview. Biomater Sci, 2018; 6(5):915–946; doi: 10.1039/c7bm00765e
29.
MarquesCF, DiogoGS, PinaS, et al.Collagen-based bioinks for hard tissue engineering applications: A comprehensive review. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2019; 30(3):32; doi: 10.1007/s10856-019-6234-x
30.
LaiJ-Y, MaDH, LaiM-H, et al.Characterization of cross-linked porous gelatin carriers and their interaction with corneal endothelium: Biopolymer concentration effect. PLoS One, 2013; 8(1):e54058; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054058
31.
FatimiA, OkoroOV, PodstawczykD, et al.Natural hydrogel-based bio-inks for 3D bioprinting in tissue engineering: A review. Gels, 2022; 8(3):179; doi: 10.3390/gels8030179
32.
GalisZS, KhatriJJ. Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodeling and atherogenesis: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Circ Res, 2002; 90(3):251–262; doi: 10.1161/res.90.3.251
33.
YueK, Trujillo-de SantiagoG, AlvarezMM, et al.Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels. Biomaterials, 2015; 73:254–271; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.045
34.
YingG, NanJ, YuC, et al.Three-dimensional bioprinting of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA). Bio-Des Manuf, 2018; 1(4):215–224; doi: 10.1007/s42242-018-0028-8
35.
RizwanM, PehGSL, AngH-P, et al.Sequentially-crosslinked bioactive hydrogels as nano-patterned substrates with customizable stiffness and degradation for corneal tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials, 2017; 120:139–154; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.12.026
36.
DecanteG, CostaJB, Silva-CorreiaJ, et al.Engineering bioinks for 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication, 2021; 13(3); doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/abec2c
37.
JorgensenAM, YooJJ, AtalaA. Solid organ bioprinting: Strategies to achieve organ function. Chem Rev, 2020; 120(19):11093–11127; doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00145
38.
DrzewieckiKE, ParmarAS, GaudetID, et al.Methacrylation induces rapid, temperature-dependent, reversible self-assembly of type-I collagen. Langmuir, 2014; 30(37):11204–11211; doi: 10.1021/la502418s
39.
JiS, GuvendirenM. Recent advances in bioink design for 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2017; 5:23; doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00023
40.
GopinathanJ, NohI. Recent trends in bioinks for 3D printing. Biomater Res, 2018; 22:11; doi: 10.1186/s40824-018-0122-1
41.
LeeJM, SuenSKQ, NgWL, et al.Bioprinting of collagen: Considerations, potentials, and applications. Macromol Biosci, 2021; 21(1):e2000280; doi: 10.1002/mabi.202000280
42.
WuZ, LiuJ, LinJ, et al.Novel digital light processing printing strategy using a collagenbased bioink with prospective cross-linker procyanidins. Biomacromolecules, 2022; 23(1):240–252; doi: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01244
43.
StepanovskaJ, OtahalM, HanzalekK, et al.pH modification of high-concentrated collagen bioinks as a factor affecting cell viability, mechanical properties, and printability. Gels, 2021; 7(4):252; doi: 10.3390/gels7040252
44.
FarasatkiaA, KharazihaM, AshrafizadehF, et al.Transparent silk/gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) fibrillar film for corneal regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2021; 120:111744; doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111744
45.
DongY, ZhangM, HanD, et al.A high-performance GelMA-GelMA homogeneous double-network hydrogel assisted by 3D printing. J Mater Chem B, 2022; 10(20):3906–3915; doi: 10.1039/d2tb00330a
46.
HeB, WangJ, XieM, et al.3D printed biomimetic epithelium/stroma bilayer hydrogel implant for corneal regeneration. Bioact Mater, 2022; 17:234–247; doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.01.034
47.
MahdaviSS, MohammadJA, ShohrehM, et al.Development and in vitro evaluation of photocurable GelMA_PEGDA hybrid hydrogel for corneal stromal cells delivery. Mater Today Commun, 2021; 27:102459; doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102459
ZhangM, YangF, HanD, et al.3D bioprinting of corneal decellularized extracellular matrix: GelMA composite hydrogel for corneal stroma engineering. Int J Bioprint, 2023; 9(5):774; doi: 10.18063/ijb.774
50.
HongS, YunJH, KimE-S, et al.Human conjunctival epithelial sheets grown on poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic) acid membranes and cocultured with human Tenon’s fibroblasts for corneal repair. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2018; 59(3):1475–1485; doi: 10.1167/iovs.17-22719
51.
RoseJB, SidneyLE, PatientJ, et al.In vitro evaluation of electrospun blends of gelatin and PCL for application as a partial thickness corneal graft. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2019; 107(4):828–838; doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.36598
52.
GingrasAA, JansenPA, SmithC, et al.3D Bioprinting of acellular corneal stromal scaffolds with a low cost modified 3D printer: A feasibility study. Curr Eye Res, 2023; 48(12):1112–1121; doi: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2251172
53.
XuY, LiuW, ZhaoQ, et al.3D bioprinted GelMA/collagen hydrogel for corneal stroma regeneration. Biofabrication, 2025; 17(4):045002; doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/ade7b2
54.
GillispieG, PrimP, CopusJ, et al.Assessment methodologies for extrusion-based bioink printability. Biofabrication, 2020; 12(2):022003; doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab6f0d
55.
ZhouK, SunY, YangJ, et al.Hydrogels for 3D embedded bioprinting: A focused review on bioinks and support baths. J Mater Chem B, 2022; 10(12):1897–1907; doi: 10.1039/d1tb02554f
56.
PatiF, JangJ, HaD-H, et al.Printing three-dimensional tissue analogues with decellularized extracellular matrix bioink. Nat Commun, 2014; 5:3935; doi: 10.1038/ncomms4935
57.
WuW, DeConinckA, LewisJA. Omnidirectional printing of 3D microvascular networks. Adv Mater, 2011; 23(24):178–183; doi: 10.1002/adma.201004625
58.
BrunelLG, HullSM, HeilshornSC. Engineered assistive materials for 3D bioprinting: Support baths and sacrificial inks. Biofabrication, 2022; 14(3); doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac6bbe
59.
LeeA, HudsonAR, ShiwarskiDJ, et al.3D bioprinting of collagen to rebuild components of the human heart. Science, 2019; 365(6452):482–487; doi: 10.1126/science.aav9051
60.
NingL, MehtaR, CaoC, et al.Embedded 3D bioprinting of gelatin methacryloyl-based constructs with highly tunable structural fidelity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020; 12(40):44563–44577; doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c15078
61.
HighleyCB, RodellCB, BurdickJA. Direct 3D printing of shear-thinning hydrogels into self-healing hydrogels. Adv Mater, 2015; 27(34):5075–5079; doi: 10.1002/adma.201501234
62.
SeymourAJ, ShinS, HeilshornSC. 3D printing of microgel scaffolds with tunable void fraction to promote cell infiltration. Adv Healthc Mater, 2021; 10(18):e2100644; doi: 10.1002/adhm.202100644
63.
MahdaviSS, AbdekhodaieMJ, KumarH, et al.Stereolithography 3D bioprinting method for fabrication of human corneal stroma equivalent. Ann Biomed Eng, 2020; 48(7):1955–1970; doi: 10.1007/s10439-020-02537-6
64.
YingG-L, JiangN, MaharjanS, et al.Aqueous two-phase emulsion bioink-enabled 3D bioprinting of porous hydrogels. Adv Mater, 2018; 30(50):e1805460; doi: 10.1002/adma.201805460
MoncalKK, OzbolatV, DattaP, et al.Thermally-controlled extrusion-based bioprinting of collagen. J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2019; 30(5):55; doi: 10.1007/s10856-019-6258-2
67.
BhattacharjeeT, ZehnderSM, RoweKG, et al.Writing in the granular gel medium. Sci Adv, 2015; 1(8):e1500655; doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1500655
68.
HeoDN, AliogluMA, WuY, et al.3D bioprinting of carbohydrazide-modified gelatin into microparticle-suspended oxidized alginate for the fabrication of complex-shaped tissue constructs. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020; 12(18):20295–20306; doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c05096
69.
MalletJD, RochettePJ. Wavelength-dependent ultraviolet induction of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in the human cornea. Photochem Photobiol Sci, 2013; 12(8):1310–1318; doi: 10.1039/c3pp25408a
ChangS-H, MohammadvaliA, ChenK-J, et al.The relationship between mechanical properties, ultrastructural changes, and intrafibrillar bond formation in corneal UVA/riboflavin cross-linking treatment for keratoconus. J Refract Surg, 2018; 34(4):264–272; doi: 10.3928/1081597X-20180220-01
72.
DiasJM, ZiebarthNM. Anterior and posterior corneal stroma elasticity assessed using nanoindentation. Exp Eye Res, 2013; 115:41–46; doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.06.004
73.
MüllerLJ, PelsE, VrensenGF. The specific architecture of the anterior stroma accounts for maintenance of corneal curvature. Br J Ophthalmol, 2001; 85(4):437–443; doi: 10.1136/bjo.85.4.437
74.
KimH, JangJ, ParkJ, et al.Shear-induced alignment of collagen fibrils using 3D cell printing for corneal stroma tissue engineering. Biofabrication, 2019; 11(3):035017; doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab1a8b
75.
PuistolaP, MiettinenS, SkottmanH, et al.Novel strategy for multi-material 3D bioprinting of human stem cell based corneal stroma with heterogenous design. Mater Today Bio, 2024; 24:100924; doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100924
76.
OriveG, Santos-VizcainoE, PedrazJL, et al.3D cell-laden polymers to release bioactive products in the eye. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2019; 68:67–82; doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.10.002
77.
BasozD, AkalinliA, BuyuksungurS, et al.Preclinical testing of 3D printed, cell loaded hydrogel based corneal substitutes on rabbit model. Macromol Biosci, 2025; 25(7):e2400595; doi: 10.1002/mabi.202400595
78.
Marin TapiaHA, Romero SalazarL, Mayorga RojasM, et al.Scaffold-free extrusion-based 3D bioprinting of cornea constructs using a decellularized corneal extracellular matrix based bioink and human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Macromol Biosci, 2025:e276; doi: 10.1002/mabi.202500276
79.
KimKW, LeeSJ, ParkSH, et al.Ex vivo functionality of 3D bioprinted corneal endothelium engineered with ribonuclease 5-overexpressing human corneal endothelial cells. Adv Healthc Mater, 2018; 7:1800398; doi: 10.1002/adhm.201800398
80.
DuarteCD, RohdeM, RossM, et al.Corneal bioprinting utilizing collagen-based bioinks and primary human keratocytes. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2019; 107(9):1945–1953; doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.36702
81.
KilicBC, HasirciV. Cell loaded 3D bioprinted GelMA hydrogels for corneal stroma engineering. Biomater Sci, 2019; 8(1):438–449; doi: 10.1039/c9bm01236b
82.
BektasCK, HasirciV. Mimicking corneal stroma using keratocyte-loaded photopolymerizable methacrylated gelatin hydrogels. J Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2018; 12(4):e1899–e1910; doi: 10.1002/term.2621
83.
KutlehriaS, DinhTC, BagdeA, et al.High-throughput 3D bioprinting of corneal stromal equivalents. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 2020; 108(7):2981–2994; doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.34628
84.
MöröA, SamantaS, HonkamäkiL, et al.Hyaluronic acid based next generation bioink for 3D bioprinting of human stem cell derived corneal stromal model with innervation. Biofabrication, 2022; 15(1):15020; doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/acab34
85.
McKayTB, KaramichosD, HutcheonA, et al.Corneal epithelial-stromal fibroblast constructs to study cell-cell communication in vitro. Bioengineering (Basel), 2019; 6(4):110; doi: 10.3390/bioengineering6040110
86.
ZhangB, XueQ, LiJ, et al.3D bioprinting for artificial cornea: Challenges and perspectives. Med Eng Phys, 2019; 71:68–78; doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.05.002
87.
DeyM, OzbolatIT. 3D bioprinting of cells, tissues and organs. Sci Rep, 2020; 10(1):14023; doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70086-y
88.
ChakrabartyK, ShettyR, GhoshA. Corneal cell therapy: With iPSCs, it is no more a far-sight. Stem Cell Res Ther, 2018; 9:287; doi: 10.1186/s13287-018-1036-5
89.
ShojaatiG, KhandakerI, FunderburghML, et al.Mesenchymal stem cells reduce corneal fibrosis and inflammation via extracellular vesicle-mediated delivery of miRNA. Stem Cells Transl Med, 2019; 8(11):1192–1201; doi: 10.1002/sctm.18-0297
90.
TangQ, LuB, HeJ, et al.Exosomes-loaded thermosensitive hydrogels for corneal epithelium and stroma regeneration. Biomaterials, 2022; 280:121320; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121320
91.
XuY, WeiC, MaL, et al.3D mesenchymal stem cell exosome-functionalized hydrogels for corneal wound healing. J Control Release, 2025; 380:630–646; doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.02.030
92.
VijayaraghavanR, LoganathanS, ValapaRB. 3D bioprinted photo crosslinkable GelMA/methylcellulose hydrogel mimicking native corneal model with enhanced in vitro cytocompatibility and sustained keratocyte phenotype for stromal regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol, 2024; 264(Pt 1):130472; doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130472
93.
LiuL, KuffováL, GriffithM, et al.Immunological responses in mice to full-thickness corneal grafts engineered from porcine collagen. Biomaterials, 2007; 28(26):3807–3814; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.04.025
94.
TaftiMF, FayyazZ, AghamollaeiH, et al.Drug delivery strategies to improve the treatment of corneal disorders. Heliyon, 2025; 11(2):e41881; doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41881
95.
HaagdorensM, Van AckerSI, Van GerwenV, et al.Limbal stem cell deficiency: Current treatment options and emerging therapies. Stem Cells Int, 2016; 2016:9798374; doi: 10.1155/2016/9798374
96.
ZhongZ, BalayanA, TianJ, et al.Bioprinting of dual ECM scaffolds encapsulating limbal stem/progenitor cells in active and quiescent statuses. Biofabrication, 2021; 13(4); doi: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac1992
97.
LiuD, WuQ, ZhuY, et al.Co-delivery of metformin and levofloxacin hydrochloride using biodegradable thermosensitive hydrogel for the treatment of corneal neovascularization. Drug Deliv, 2019; 26(1):522–531; doi: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1609623
ShaheenBS, BakirM, JainS. Corneal nerves in health and disease. Surv Ophthalmol, 2014; 59(3):263–285; doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.09.002
100.
Al-AqabaMA, FaresU, SulemanH, et al.Architecture and distribution of human corneal nerves. Br J Ophthalmol, 2010; 94(6):784–789; doi: 10.1136/bjo.2009.173799
101.
PanY, LiuF, QiX, et al.Nerve growth factor changes and corneal nerve repair after keratoplasty. Optom Vis Sci, 2018; 95(1):27–31; doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001158
102.
ChangE-J, Sun ImY, KayEP, et al.The role of nerve growth factor in hyperosmolar stress induced apoptosis. J Cell Physiol, 2008; 216(1):69–77; doi: 10.1002/jcp.21377
103.
McKayTB, FordA, WangS, et al.Assembly and application of a three-dimensional human corneal tissue model. Curr Protoc Toxicol, 2019; 81(1):e84; doi: 10.1002/cptx.84
104.
DistlerT, PolleyC, ShiF, et al.Electrically conductive and 3D‐printable oxidized alginate‐gelatin polypyrrole: PSS hydrogels for tissue engineering. Adv Healthc Mater, 2021; 10(9):e2001876; doi: 10.1002/adhm.202001876
105.
MengS, HuH, QiaoY, et al.A versatile hydrogel with antibacterial and sequential drug-releasing capability for the programmable healing of infectious keratitis. ACS Nano, 2023; 17(23):24055–24069; doi: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09034
106.
RutzAL, HylandKE, JakusAE, et al.A multimaterial bioink method for 3D printing tunable, cell-compatible hydrogels. Adv Mater, 2015; 27(9):1607–1614; doi: 10.1002/adma.201405076
107.
XuH, CasillasJ, KrishnamoorthyS, et al.Effects of Irgacure 2959 and lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate on cell viability, physical properties, and microstructure in 3D bioprinting of vascular-like constructs. Biomed Mater, 2020; 15(5):55021; doi: 10.1088/1748-605X/ab954e
108.
GoodarziH, JadidiK, PourmotabedS, et al.Preparation and in vitro characterization of cross-linked collagen-gelatin hydrogel using EDC/NHS for corneal tissue engineering applications. Int J Biol Macromol, 2019; 126:620–632; doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.125
109.
WuZ, SuX, XuY, et al.Bioprinting three-dimensional cell-laden tissue constructs with controllable degradation. Sci Rep, 2016; 6:24474; doi: 10.1038/srep24474
110.
ZidanG, GreeneCA, EtxabideA, et al.Gelatine-based drug-eluting bandage contact lenses: Effect of PEGDA concentration and manufacturing technique. Int J Pharm, 2021; 599:120452; doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120452
111.
ZhangB, XueQ, HuH-y, et al.Integrated 3D bioprinting-based geometry-control strategy for fabricating corneal substitutes. J Zhejiang Univ-Sci B (Biomed & Biotechnol), 2019; 20(12):945–959; doi: 10.1631/jzus.B1900190
112.
BeenaM, AmeerJM, KasojuN. Optically clear silk fibroin films with tunable properties for potential corneal tissue engineering applications: A process-property-function relationship study. ACS Omega, 2022; 7(34):29634–29646; doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01579
113.
KongB, ChenY, LiuR, et al.Fiber reinforced GelMA hydrogel to induce the regeneration of corneal stroma. Nat Commun, 2020; 11(1):1435; doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14887-9
114.
YanJ, QiangL, GaoY, et al.Effect of fiber alignment in electrospun scaffolds on keratocytes and corneal epithelial cells behavior. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2012; 100(2):527–535; doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.33301
115.
GibneyR, PattersonJ, FerrarisE. High-resolution bioprinting of recombinant human collagen type III. Polymers (Basel), 2021; 13(17):2973; doi: 10.3390/polym13172973
116.
MerrettK, FagerholmP, McLaughlinCR, et al.Tissue-engineered recombinant human collagen-based corneal substitutes for implantation: Performance of type I versus type III collagen. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2008; 49(9):3887–3894; doi: 10.1167/iovs.07-1348
117.
TrampeE, KorenK, AkkineniAR, et al.Functionalized bioink with optical sensor nanoparticles for O2 imaging in 3D-bioprinted constructs. Adv Funct Materials, 2018; 28(45):1804411; doi: 10.1002/adfm.201804411
118.
YouJ, FrazerH, SayyarS, et al.Development of an in situ printing system with human platelet lysate-based bio-adhesive to treat corneal perforations. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2022; 11(6):26; doi: 10.1167/tvst.11.6.26
119.
SorkioA, KochL, KoivusaloL, et al.Human stem cell based corneal tissue mimicking structures using laser-assisted 3D bioprinting and functional bioinks. Biomaterials, 2018; 171:57–71; doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.034
120.
IsaacsonA, SwiokloS, ConnonCJ. 3D bioprinting of a corneal stroma equivalent. Exp Eye Res, 2018; 173:188–193; doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.05.010
121.
XueQ, HuH, WangW, et al.Liquid-phase integrated 3D printed biological lenses for lamellar corneal substitute. Adv Healthc Mater, 2023; 12(27):e2300600; doi: 10.1002/adhm.202300600
