Abstract
Objectives:
Superior capsule reconstruction (SCR) was developed as an alternative treatment for irreparable rotator cuff tears. Previous studies showed graft healing is key to improve shoulder function and pain relief after SCR. Graft healing rate after SCR have been reported for irreparable rotator cuff tears in short-term follow-up studies. The objective of this study was to assess graft survival rate and progression of cuff tear arthropathy in minimum 10-year follow-up of arthroscopic SCR.
Methods:
A total of 48 consecutive patients with 50 affected shoulders underwent SCR using fascia lata autograft for the treatment of irreparable rotator cuff tears by a single surgeon between 2007 to 2011. Of these 48 initially identified patients, 5 had died, 5 had moved and were unable to be contacted, 2 had severe health problems that were unrelated to SCR, 1 refused to participate, and 1 was unable to participate because she was caring for her child with terminal cancer, thus leaving 34 patients with 36 affected shoulders for review. Structural outcomes were evaluated for a minimum of 10 years of follow-up (range, 10–13 years).
Acromiohumeral distance (AHD) and Hamada grade (stage of cuff tear arthropathy) were evaluated by using standard radiography. Fatty degeneration of the rotator cuff muscles was evaluated according to the Goutallier grading system. Graft healing and thickness were assessed by using T2-weighted MRI (1.5-T closed-type scanner). By using SYNAPSE software (accuracy, 0.05 mm; FUJIFILM Medical System, Loveland, CO), graft thickness at 1 cm posterior to the bicipital groove in the coronal plane of T2-weighted MRI was measured at the greater tuberosity side (medial aspect of the footprint on the greater tuberosity), at midgraft (top of the humeral head), and at the glenoid side (5 mm posterior to the articular surface on the glenoid).
Results:
Graft survival rate was 94% (34 of 36 shoulders) at 1 year after SCR, 92% (33 of 36 shoulders) at 2 to 4 years after SCR, and 89% (32 of 36 shoulders) at 5 to 10 years after SCR.
Regarding the 30 patients (32 shoulders) whose grafts remained intact, graft thickness at 1 year after SCR was 8.1 ± 1.9 mm on the greater tuberosity, 6.8 ± 1.5 mm at midgraft, and 11.4 ± 2.0 mm on the glenoid. At 10 years after SCR, graft thickness (7.8 ± 1.6 mm on the greater tuberosity, 7.5 ± 1.8 mm at midgraft, 11.2 ± 2.2 mm on the glenoid) did not significantly differ from that at 1 year after SCR (P = 0.14 to 0.52). Although the rate of low intensity on T2 MRI of the grafts at 1 year after SCR was 53% (17 of 32 shoulders), all grafts had become low intensity on T2 MRI by 10 years after SCR (P < 0.001).
Compared with the preoperative measurement, AHD was increased significantly at 1, 5, and 10 years after SCR (P < 0.001). Average AHD did not differ among 1, 5, and 10 years after SCR (P = 0.09 to 0.87). Because of the increase in AHD, the Hamada grade at 1, 5, and 10 years after SCR was significantly decreased (i.e., reduced cuff tear arthropathy) (P < 0.001) compared with the preoperative grade.
Before SCR, the AHD was significantly narrower and the Hamada grade was significantly higher in the affected shoulder compared with the unaffected shoulder. At 10 years after SCR, neither AHD nor Hamada grade differed significantly between the affected and unaffected shoulders (i.e., cuff tear arthropathy had not progressed during the 10 years or more after SCR) in patients with healed grafts, whereas all 4 of the remaining patients with postoperative graft tear showed increased cuff tear arthropathy to grade 4a or 4b. One patient with graft tear was converted to reverse shoulder arthroplasty.
Conclusions:
The graft survival rate at 10 years follow-up was 89%. Graft thickness was maintained at 10 years after SCR when graft was healed. Graft healing prevented progression of cuff tear arthropathy after arthroscopic SCR.