Abstract
Background:
Bilateral shoulder instability and Bankart lesions are not rare and frequently require surgical treatment. Bilateral instability may be treated with either a single-stage, simultaneous bilateral Bankart repair or 2-stage surgery.
Purpose/Hypothesis:
To compare simultaneous bilateral arthroscopic Bankart repair to 2-stage repair in terms of clinical outcomes and hospitalization costs. It was hypothesized that simultaneous repair would provide clinical outcomes similar to those of 2-stage Bankart repair while yielding lower hospitalization costs.
Study Design:
Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.
Methods:
Patients who underwent simultaneous bilateral arthroscopic Bankart repair (group 1) were matched by age, sex, and injury type to control patients who had unilateral Bankart repair (group 2). All patients were operated on by the same surgeon in the same institution between 2007 and 2017 and had a minimum follow-up duration of 24 months. Patients with inflammatory arthritis, metabolic/malignant disease, previous shoulder surgery, a glenoid bone loss ≥25%, or off-track Hill-Sachs lesion were excluded. The 2 groups were compared in terms of pre- and postoperative Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) scores, hospitalization costs, complications, and recurrent instability. The hospitalization cost of group 2 was multiplied by 2 to create a projection of the estimated cost of 2 sequential unilateral Bankart repairs.
Results:
The study population comprised 48 patients (38 men [79.17%] and 10 women [20.83%]; mean age, 25.5 years at surgery and 22.75 years at first dislocation). Group 1 included 32 shoulders in 16 patients, while group 2 consisted of 32 shoulders in 32 patients. The mean hospitalization cost (in 2020 US dollars) was $26,010 ± $1455 for group 1 and $33,591 ± $1574 for group 2 (P < .001). Both groups had improved WOSI scores after surgery and achieved similar scores at the latest follow-up. There was 1 redislocation in each group (3.13%). No surgery- or anesthesia-related/medical complications were recorded in either group.
Conclusion:
For bilateral shoulder instability, clinical outcomes of simultaneous bilateral arthroscopic Bankart repair were similar to those of 2-stage repair; however, lower hospitalization costs were seen after simultaneous bilateral repair compared with 2-stage surgery.
Bankart lesions, defined as the detachment of the glenoid labrum and capsule from the glenoid rim, are the most common injury encountered in shoulder instability, with a prevalence of 97% to 100%. 2,3,18 This structural injury can be successfully treated with arthroscopic repair. 5,10 The incidence of bilateral involvement in shoulder instability has been reported to be 17% to 24%. 8,13 This may occur as a bilateral injury during the initial trauma, or a contralateral injury may occur subsequently after the initial dislocation episode on 1 side, especially in young and active patients. 8,13 Patients with symptoms of instability in both shoulders can undergo treatment with a single-stage, simultaneous bilateral Bankart repair, or the surgery can be staged by operating on the contralateral shoulder after healing and rehabilitation of one side.
Several studies have analyzed the health care expenditures of common arthroscopic procedures, such as anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and rotator cuff surgery, while bundled payment systems are being increasingly adopted. 19 We were unable to find any study analyzing the financial burden of simultaneous bilateral arthroscopic Bankart repair in the current literature.
The aim of this study was to compare outcomes and hospitalization costs between simultaneous bilateral arthroscopic Bankart repair and 2-stage arthroscopic Bankart repair. Our hypothesis was that simultaneous repair would yield comparable outcomes and lower hospitalization costs compared with 2-stage repair.
Methods
Study Design
After obtaining institutional review board approval, we conducted a retrospective, comparative, single-center analysis. Patients who underwent simultaneous bilateral arthroscopic Bankart repair for bilateral anterior glenohumeral instability in a single institution by the senior author were reviewed. Inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in Table 1.
Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria a
a CT, computed tomography.
A total of 18 consecutive patients were identified from the institutional database between the years 2007 and 2017. One patient was excluded for follow-up of less than 24 months and another for being younger than 18 years, leaving 32 shoulders from 16 patients in the study group (group 1). These 16 patients in group 1 were randomly matched by age, sex, and type of shoulder injury with a control group (group 2) of 32 patients (32 shoulders) who were operated on by the same surgeon (T.B.) using the identical techniques in the same period. The patient enrollment flowchart is shown in Figure 1.
Flowchart of patient enrollment.
Between June and December 2020, the matching of the control group (group 2) was performed by another orthopaedic surgeon (T.P.), while patient credentials, clinical scores, and data on hospitalization costs, and any record of complications were collected by a third blinded surgeon (K.Y.). Clinical outcomes, hospitalization costs, and complication rates of both groups were compared.
Surgical Technique
All patients were operated on under general anesthesia in the beach-chair position. Both shoulders of patients in group 1 were draped and prepared simultaneously. A standardized surgical technique was used in all patients using posterior and anterior arthroscopy portals. The detached labrum was mobilized from the glenoid, and soft tissue adhesions were released. The glenoid rim was debrided and decorticated until a bleeding and smooth surface was created. The labrum was reduced to the glenoid rim and fixed with 3 or 4 bioabsorbable 3.5-mm knotless anchors (PushLock; Arthrex) and No. 2 FiberWire (Arthrex). Capsular shift was performed when needed.
Postoperative Care
Postoperative care was the same for both groups. All patients were discharged on the day after surgery because the health insurance terms and policies in our country require an overnight hospital stay for full coverage of health expenses. However, Bankart repair is performed as an outpatient procedure in most countries.
The operated upper extremity was immobilized in a sling for 3 weeks. The patients were allowed elbow and wrist flexion/extension in the first week. Basic activities of daily living such as feeding, conducting personal hygiene, and using a computer were permitted after the second week. At the end of 3 weeks, patients started a standardized physical therapy program under the supervision of an experienced physical therapist in the same institution. Postoperatively, functional self-sufficiency and self-care of patients were preserved to a large extent. Full range of motion of the elbows was allowed for all patients in both groups from the first postoperative day on, so that they could use their hands to reach for the mouth, face, and hair. Thus, all patients were able to attend to their own nutrition and peroneal care, which requires only internal rotation. Patients in group 2 were able to take a shower and change clothes with the help of the contralateral extremity, while patients in group 1 needed the help of a caregiver for 3 weeks. To ensure safe driving, patients in both groups were allowed to drive 6 weeks after the operation.
Outcome Measures
The Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) 9 was used for the assessment of subjective shoulder function and stability. WOSI scores were recorded preoperatively and at the last follow-up visit (24-108 months postoperatively). Patients in group 1 were asked to complete the WOSI questionnaire twice, once for each shoulder.
Hospitalization cost was defined as the total cost of preoperative anesthesiologic examinations/tests, implants, disposables, surgeon’s fees, 1-night hospital stay, any medical treatment during hospitalization, and postoperative outpatient physical therapy. The hospitalization cost of group 2 was multiplied by 2 to create a projection of the estimated cost of 2 sequential unilateral Bankart repairs. Costs are reported in 2020 US dollars.
Surgery-related complications such as recurrent/persistent pain, stiffness/arthrofibrosis, wound complications, tendon and/or ligament injuries, bone fracture, implant failure, hematoma formation, nerve palsy, and vascular injury, as well as anesthesia-related/medical complications such as venous thromboembolism, pneumonia, respiratory failure, arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, renal failure, and cerebrovascular accidents, were screened from hospital records, patient interviews, and examinations at follow-up visits.
Statistical Analysis
SPSS software (Version 22.0; IBM) was used for statistical analysis. The Student t test was used to compare quantitative variables between groups, and the chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used for the analysis of categorical variables where appropriate. P < .05 was considered statistically significant.
Because of the retrospective nature of the study and limited number of bilaterally operated patients, no a priori power analysis was completed. Instead, a post hoc power analysis was performed for clinical scores and hospitalization costs with a type 1 error rate of 0.05.
Results
The characteristics of the study groups are summarized in Table 2. The age and sex distributions were comparable between groups 1 and 2. The mean follow-up was significantly longer in group 1 compared with group 2 (59.1 ± 24.2 months [range, 24-108 months] vs 34.6 ± 11.1 months [range, 24-85 months]; P = .002). Bankart repair was performed with either 3 or 4 anchors. The average number of anchors used did not differ significantly between the 2 groups.
Patient and Surgery Characteristics a
a Data are reported as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. Boldface P value indicates a statistically significant difference between groups (P < .05).
WOSI Scores
Preoperative and final follow-up WOSI scores for each group are summarized in Table 3. Patients in both groups reported significantly improved shoulder function and stability scores compared with the preoperative status, and patients in both groups reached the minimal clinically important difference for the WOSI, defined as an improvement of 10.4%. 7 Both the preoperative and final follow-up WOSI scores were comparable between groups, suggesting that there was no significant difference regarding shoulder function between them.
Preoperative and Latest Follow-up WOSI Scores of Both Groups a
a Boldface P values indicate a statistically significant difference between preoperative and latest follow-up scores (P < .05). WOSI, Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index.
Hospitalization Costs and Postoperative Complications
The mean hospitalization cost was $26,010 ± $1455 for group 1 and $16,795 ± $787 for group 2. When the values for each patient in group 2 were multiplied by 2, hospitalization cost became $33,591 ± $1574, a value significantly higher than that for group 1 (P < .001) (Table 4).
Hospitalization Costs and Postoperative Complications a
a Data are reported as mean ± SD or No. of shoulders (%). Boldface P value indicates a statistically significant difference between groups (P < .05). NA, not applicable.
No surgery- or anesthesia-related/medical complications were observed in either group. One patient (3.13%) in each group experienced recurrent dislocation after Bankart repair, both in the form of total glenohumeral dislocations (at 14 months postoperatively in group 1 and 27 months postoperatively in group 2) (Table 4).
Post hoc power analyses revealed a statistical power of 100% for hospitalization cost and 80.9% for WOSI score. When the patients in group 1 were asked whether they would have the simultaneous bilateral surgery again or would prefer staged surgery, 15 of 16 patients (93.75%) were in favor of simultaneous bilateral surgery.
Discussion
The results of the present study confirmed our hypothesis that patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral arthroscopic Bankart repair have similar clinical and functional outcomes and safety and lower hospitalization costs compared with those undergoing unilateral arthroscopic Bankart repair.
While not reported to be rare, bilateral Bankart injury can occur during the initial trauma, or a contralateral injury may occur subsequently after the initial dislocation episode. O’Driscoll and Evans 13 reported that 16% of patients who had surgery for unilateral shoulder instability developed instability in the contralateral shoulder at 20 years after surgery. They also reported that 20 of 188 (10.6%) patients with bilateral instability were initially evaluated with bilateral involvement. In our series, 2 of 16 (12.5%) patients were initially evaluated with bilateral involvement, while the other 14 patients refused surgery for the index unstable shoulder but agreed to undergo surgical treatment after developing instability on the contralateral side. Bilateral shoulder instability is usually seen in young men. 12 Our bilateral instability cohort (group 1) similarly had a male preponderance of 81.25% (13/16), and the average age was 23.4 ± 5.4 years.
Patients with bilateral shoulder instability may be operated on in 2 separate surgical sessions, where 1 side is operated on after the repair and rehabilitation of the first shoulder has been completed. This approach necessitates 2 prolonged periods of physical therapy, may delay the patient’s return to work (especially for patients working as laborers who need both arms to perform their job) or sports, and increase the burden to the society. In contrast, simultaneous bilateral surgery requires only 1 postoperative physical therapy period, may decrease the morbidity, and may allow earlier return to work or sports. We were unable to find a study comparing simultaneous bilateral arthroscopic Bankart repair with unilateral or 2-stage bilateral repair in the current literature. Melis et al 12 reported that clinical outcomes of 1-stage and 2-stage Latarjet procedures in bilateral shoulder instability were similar at an average follow-up time of 100 and 186 months. Another study comparing bilateral arthroscopic rotator cuff repair to unilateral repair reported better clinical and functional outcomes in the bilateral group without additional complications, longer hospitalization, or rehabilitation than unilateral repair. 14 Both groups in our study showed significant improvement in both clinical outcome scores, indicating improvement in stability and function. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups at the last follow-up. The scores of both groups in our study were comparable to the results of current studies. 20,22 Although the sample size of this study may seem small, a post hoc analysis for WOSI score proved a statistical power over 80%.
Recurrence rates after arthroscopic Bankart repair have been reported to be 3.4% to 23.1%, 1,10,16,21 and this rate increases with longer follow-up. 20 Moreover, there is a growing debate surrounding the patient position during Bankart repair. Those who advocate for the beach-chair position emphasize the ease of transition to open procedures, if necessary; the ease of orientation; and more favorable ergonomics for the surgeon. 11 However, the recurrence of shoulder instability after Bankart repair in the beach-chair position has been reported to be nearly double that of surgery performed in the lateral decubitus position. 6 Contrary to the current literature, the recurrence rate of 3.13% in beach-chair position for both groups in our study was similar to those of other short-term studies. 21
An increasing number of studies have investigated healthcare expenses of common arthroscopic procedures, such as anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, rotator cuff surgery, and shoulder instability surgery. 4,17,19 Chalmers et al 4 reported that 39% of the costs for arthroscopic shoulder instability surgery were operative facility costs. In our study, the operative facility was used only once for group 1 and assumed to be used twice for 2 separate surgeries and 2 hospital stays for group 2. Thus, all costs for group 2 were multiplied by a factor of 2. Simultaneous bilateral surgery resulted in $7580 (29%) cost savings compared with staged surgery.
Difficulty in activities that needed overhead movements and/or the use of both arms (such as reaching things on a high shelf, driving, lifting heavy and/or large objects, etc) and assistance required from family and friends during the first 3 postoperative weeks were some disadvantages of simultaneous bilateral surgery.
The risk of anesthesia-related complications—mainly venous thromboembolism—has been reported to be higher in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair surgery, especially if the duration of anesthesia is longer than 80 minutes. 15 As another disadvantage of simultaneous bilateral surgery, a similarly higher risk of anesthesia-related complications might have been expected because of longer anesthesia durations. However, the complication rates in both groups of this study were similar.
Strengths and Limitations
The main strengths of this study were that all procedures were performed by the same surgeon using the identical surgical technique and the postoperative rehabilitation was uniform, resulting in a homogenous study population, and patients in both study groups were matched for age, sex, and injury type to minimize selection bias.
The main drawback of this study was that it was retrospective in nature, carrying all the biases common to these studies, such as selection bias. The limited number of patients might be attributed to strict inclusion criteria. The cost comparison was made with bilateral surgery and unilateral surgery multiplied by 2. Comparison to staged unilateral surgery might have given a more realistic scenario; however, the number of patients who were consecutively operated on by the same surgeon and fulfilling the inclusion criteria was not sufficient to build a control group. Moreover, because of the temporary need of a caregiver for bilaterally operated patients and the resulting financial burden, this study was able to assess only the hospitalization costs but was unable to calculate the total treatment cost or cost-effectiveness. Another limitation of this study is that it does not assess time to return to work.
Also, hospitalization cost per procedure in this study may seem very high, but the main reason of these high costs is that the health institution was a private university hospital, and all costs were billed to the private health insurance of the patients, which mandates an overnight hospital stay.
Another drawback of this study is that conclusions made for simultaneous bilateral surgery in the beach-chair position may not be applicable to the lateral decubitus position. Simultaneous bilateral surgery in the lateral decubitus position might require the patient to be repositioned and redraped once one side had been operated. This technical issue would require a longer anesthesia time and increase the risk of infection, leading to a higher rate of complications. Moreover, any surgeon would not feel comfortable with the patient lying on the newly operated shoulder.
Despite the fact that many surgeons prefer the lateral decubitus position in arthroscopic Bankart repair surgery and the generalizability of this study may seem low, the number of surgeons who prefer the beach-chair position is still not small, and this study may be a guiding article for them in the setting of simultaneous bilateral Bankart injury.
Conclusion
The clinical outcomes of simultaneous bilateral arthroscopic Bankart repair are similar to those of unilateral surgery; however, simultaneous bilateral repair may have a lower hospitalization cost than 2-stage surgery for bilateral shoulder instability treatment.
Footnotes
Final revision submitted February 23, 2022; accepted March 9, 2022.
The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest in the authorship and publication of this contribution. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto.
Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Halic University.