Abstract
Objectives:
The ability of current return to sport (RTS) criteria to identify young, active patients after ACL reconstruction (ACLR) independently, at high risk for future ipsilateral or contralateral ACL injury is limited. The purpose of this study was to determine if meeting current, standard RTS criteria collectively, or in part, would identify young athletes at risk for an ipsilateral or contralateral ACL injury after primary ACLR and RTS. The tested hypothesis was the likelihood of an ipsilateral or contralateral 2nd ACL injury in the first 2 years after RTS would be the same in groups that successfully met or failed to meet all RTS criteria prior to RTS. The second hypothesis was that quadriceps femoris strength at the time of RTS would identify which limb was at greatest risk for future ACL injury.
Methods:
One hundred eighty-one patients (116 female) with a mean age of 16.7±2.9 years old underwent ACLR and were released to return to pivoting/cutting sports. These patients were enrolled in a prospective, observational cohort study, completed a RTS assessment and were tracked for occurrence of an ipsilateral graft tear or contralateral ACL injury after ACLR for 24 months. The RTS assessment included 6 tests: isometric quadriceps strength, 4 functional hop tests and the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) patient reported outcome survey. Limb symmetry index (LSI) was calculated for strength and hop test assessments [(inv/uninv)*100]. Subjects were classified into groups that successfully passed all 6 RTS tests at a level of 90 compared to those that failed to meet all 6 criteria. Chi Square tests and Fisher Exact Tests were used to determine if successfully passing all 6 RTS measures resulted in a reduced risk of 2nd ACL injury in the first 24 months after RTS as well as to assess if ability to successfully pass individual RTS criteria resulted in reduced risk of 2nd ACL injury.
Results:
Thirty-nine (21.5%) patients suffered a 2nd ACL injury with 18 ipsilateral graft failures and 21 contralateral ACL tears in the first 24 months after RTS following ACLR. At the time of RTS, 57 patients (31.5%) achieved LSI values of 90% or greater on all testing as well as an IDKC value of 90 or greater. At this level, there was no difference in ipsilateral graft failures between patients who passed all RTS criteria (15.8%) and those who failed at least 1 criterion (7.3%; p=0.08). There was also no difference in contralateral ACL injuries between patients who passed all RTS criteria (7.0%) and those who failed at least 1 criterion (13.7%; p=0.22). When individual RTS criterion were evaluated, patients who failed to achieve 90% quadriceps strength LSI were 84% less likely to suffer an ipsilateral graft failure (OR=0.16; 95%CI: 0.04, 0.74;p=0.009), but 3 times more likely to suffer a contralateral ACL injury (OR=2.5; 95%CI:1.0, 6.5;p=0.05).
Conclusion:
Current criteria to evaluate readiness to return young athletes to pivoting and cutting sports, may not identify young, active patients independently at high risk for a future ipsilateral graft tear or contralateral ACL injury. Inability to achieve 90% LSI on an isometric quadriceps strength assessment resulted in a reduced risk of ipsilateral graft failure, but an increased risk in contralateral ACL injury after ACLR and RTS. Further investigation is needed on the relationship between quad strength and side of future ACL injury and whether other factors may help contribute to a predictive model of future ACL injury specific to limb.