Abstract
Background:
Despite the 2006 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for routine HIV testing in health care settings, many persons remain untested.
Purpose:
To determine physician barriers to HIV testing, we surveyed primary care physicians in community health centers in a high HIV prevalence city.
Methods:
Primary care physicians were invited via e-mail to participate in a Web-based survey. One hundred and thirty-seven physicians participated (response rate: 43.9%).
Results:
Fifty-five physicians (41.0%) were unaware of updated CDC HIV testing recommendations. Physicians were unaware that testing should be routinely offered in primary care settings caring for adolescents (62 physicians, 45.6%) and primary care settings caring for adults (33, 24.3%). Physicians were also unaware that teenage years patients aged 13 to 17 years (68, 49.6%) and adult patients aged 18 to 64 years (40, 29.2%) should be routinely HIV tested.
Conclusion:
With the new 2013 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations to support routine HIV testing, it is critical to address ongoing physician HIV testing barriers to mitigate the HIV epidemic.
Introduction
In the United States today, there are more than 1.1 million people living with HIV. 1 HIV testing is a vital intervention to curb the ongoing HIV epidemic. When people learn they are HIV positive, they can prevent further spread of HIV in the community by changing their risk behaviors 2 and by beginning antiretroviral therapy, the latter of which is an intervention directly responsible for lowering community viral load. 3 Unfortunately, in the United States, 1 in 6 people do not know their HIV positive status. 1
Many persons with HIV remain unaware of their infection because physicians are not routinely offering HIV testing. To improve HIV testing, in 2006 the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued recommendations for clinicians to perform routine, opt-out HIV testing of all patients aged 13 to 64 years. 4 Many professional medical societies subsequently released policy statements in support of the CDC’s recommendations. 5 –8 Despite CDC and professional medical society recommendations, a 2012 Kaiser Family Foundation survey found that 36% of adults had not been tested for HIV because their doctor had never recommended testing. 9 Studies to date have found that many physicians are not routinely offering HIV tests as advised by the 2006 CDC HIV testing guidelines. 10 –15 The objective of this study was to assess primary care physician awareness and knowledge of the 2006 CDC HIV testing recommendations.
Methods
This study took place in publicly funded community health centers in Harris County, Houston, Texas. Houston is the nation’s fourth most populous city 16 and a high HIV prevalence area in the United States. 16,17 Approximately 95% of the patients with HIV/AIDS in the Houston metropolitan area are in Harris county. 18 In 2011, there were 30 new HIV diagnoses per 100 000 population in Harris county, Houston, 19 compared to 15.8 new HIV diagnoses per 100 000 population in the United States. 20 An anonymous Web-based survey on HIV testing knowledge was created from published questionnaires and also developed consistent with Cabana’s model on why physicians do not follow guidelines. 21 According to the Cabana model, knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral skills are individual and interacting factors that affect physicians’ behaviors. The purpose of this study was to focus on knowledge factors that affect physician HIV testing behaviors. Responses of No and I don’t know were combined to reflect an unaware response category. The survey was e-mailed to 312 primary care physicians in these community health centers. These community health centers have more than 1 million patient visits per year and care for predominantly Hispanic (57.4%) and African American (26.3%) patients 22 —the populations hardest hit by the HIV epidemic in the United States. 1 Recruitment was done via e-mail, postcards in mailboxes, and announcements at medical conferences. Nominal incentives of a US$10 gift card and entry into a US$100 raffle were offered. The institutional review board of Baylor College of Medicine approved this study.
Results
From January to March 2013, a total of 312 primary care physicians in the specialties of internal medicine, family medicine, and medicine-pediatrics were contacted for study participation. A total of 137 physicians participated (response rate 43.9%). Of 130 physicians who reported their specialty, 63 (48.5%) represent internal medicine, 49 (37.7%) family medicine, and 18 (13.8%) medicine-pediatrics. Of 134 physicians who reported gender, 81 (60.5%) were female. The average age of participants was 34.5 years (range, 25-63; median, 31 years). On average, participants graduated from medical school in 2005 (range, 1973-2012; median, 2009).
Fifty-five (41.0%) physicians were unaware that the CDC issued updated recommendations for routine HIV testing in 2006. Despite 114 (84.4%) physicians knowing that routine testing for HIV means testing patients regardless of their risk factors, many physicians were unaware in what settings and for whom this testing should be done. Physicians were unaware that testing should be routinely offered in primary care settings caring for adolescents (62 physicians, 45.6%) and primary care settings caring for adults (33 physicians, 24.3%). Physicians were also unaware that teenage patients aged 13 to 17 years (68, 49.6%) and adult patients aged 18 to 64 years (40 physicians, 29.2%) should be routinely HIV tested. Survey questions and results are presented in Table 1. After correcting for alpha inflation, chi-square (χ2) tests and independent samples t tests revealed no significant differences between knowledge of settings tested by gender, specialty, age, or graduation year (all Ps > the Bonferroni-corrected P value of .008). Similarly, there were no significant differences between knowledge of populations tested by gender, specialty, or graduation year (all Ps > .008). However, those who were aware that adult patients should be tested were older (mean = 35.9 years, standard deviation [SD] = 9.6 years) than those who were not aware that adult patients should be tested (mean = 31.1, SD = 5.3), t 103.09 = −3.36, P = .0011.
Awareness of CDC HIV Testing Recommendations.a,b
Abbreviation: CDC, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
a N = 137. Not all respondents completed each survey question.
b Responses in boldface are consistent with 2006 CDC recommendations.
c Respondents could select more than one answer.
Discussion
Using Cabana’s theoretical framework, which highlights knowledge as a critical barrier to physicians adopting guidelines, our study elucidated several knowledge barriers that contribute to missed opportunities for HIV testing in the routine HIV testing era. Notably, a large proportion of primary care physicians surveyed were unaware that the CDC issued updated recommendations for routine HIV testing in 2006. Nearly one-quarter to one-half of physicians were unaware of the HIV testing recommendations specific for primary care settings. Nearly one-third to one-half of physicians were also unaware that patients aged 13 to 64 years should be routinely HIV tested.
A limitation of our study is that nonrespondents may differ significantly from those who completed the survey. Our survey sample may not be representative of a larger or different population of physicians in differing specialties. Additionally, our results may not be applicable to physicians practicing in other settings or in cities with differing HIV prevalences. Physicians practicing in cities with even higher HIV prevalence may be more aware of CDC HIV testing recommendations.
Although patient factors impact the decision to test for HIV, physician recommendation to test is a chief reason patients do get tested for HIV. 9,23,24 HIV testing campaigns targeting physicians are critically needed to improve HIV testing rates and help mitigate the ongoing HIV epidemic in the United States. Improving HIV testing specifically in community health centers is essential because they serve patient populations disproportionately impacted by HIV. 25
Our study’s findings highlight the importance of promoting awareness of HIV testing recommendations among physicians. This awareness may be the critical step now needed for increasing HIV testing rates, aiding earlier diagnosis of HIV, and improving overall public health. Given that knowledge is not the sole indicator of behavior, research is also needed to assess attitudes and other barriers that are impacting provider HIV testing behaviors. Notably, the US Preventive Services Task Force released recommendations in April 2013 to support routine HIV testing of all patients aged 15 to 65 years. As such, it is critical to understand and address ongoing physician HIV testing barriers in order to mitigate the current HIV epidemic.
Footnotes
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Baylor-UT Houston Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), an NIH-funded program (AI036211; PI: Arya), and an NIH/NIMH K23 Award (MH094235-01A1; PI: Arya). This work was supported in part by the Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX (#CIN 13-413). The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs.