A Practical Approach to Mental Health for the Diabetes Educator

Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 16-4984, NSDUH Series H-51). http://www.samhsa.gov/data/. Accessed May 29, 2018.

Gonzalvo JD deGroot M Rinker J et al . Mental health in people with diabetes: a needs assessment for the diabetes educator. AADE in Practice. In press.

Young-Hyman D de Groot M Hill-Briggs F et al . Psychosocial care for people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:2126-2140.

Depression in the U.S household population 2009-2012. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db172.htm. Accessed October 24, 2018.

Anderson RJ Freedland KE Clouse RE Lustman PJ . The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1069-1078.

McGill DE Volkening LK Pober MD et al , Depressive symptoms at critical times in youth with Type 1 diabetes: following Type 1 diabetes diagnosis and insulin pump initiation. J Adolesc Health. 2018;62(2):219-225.

Hood KK Huestis S Maher A et al , Depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: association with diabetes-specific characteristics. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(6):1389-1391.

Matlock KA Yayah Jones NH Corathers SD Kichler J . Clinical and psychosocial factors associated with suicidal ideation in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. J Adolesc Health. 2017;61(4):471-477.

Van Buren DJ Wilfley DE Marcus MD et al . Depressive symptoms and glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes participating in the TODAY clinical trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;135:85-87.

Silverstein J Cheng P Ruedy KJ et al . Depressive symptoms in youth with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: results of the pediatrics diabetes consortium screening assessment of depressing in diabetes study. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(12):2341-2343.

de Groot M Crick KA Long M et al . Lifetime duration of depressive disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(12): 2174-2181.

Kessler RC Berglund P Demler O et al . National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003;289:3095-3105.

Lustman PJ Griffith LS Clouse RE . Depression in adults with diabetes. Results of 5-yr follow-up study. Diabetes Care. 1988;11:605-612.

Golden SH Lazo M Carnethon M et al . Examining a bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and diabetes. JAMA. 2008;299:2751-2759.

Mezuk B Eaton WW Albrecht S Golden SH . Depression and type 2 diabetes over the lifespan:a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:2383-2390.

Lustman PJ Anderson RJ Freedland KE et al . Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature. Diabetes Care. 2000;23;934-942.

de Groot M Anderson R Freedland KE et al . Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2001;63:619-630.

Ciechanowski PS Katon WJ Russo JE . Depression and diabetes: impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function, and costs. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:3278-3285.

Von Korff M Katon W Lin EH et al . Potentially modifiable factors associated with disability among people with diabetes. Psychosom Med. 2005;67:233-240.

Lin EH Heckbert SR Rutter CM et al . Depression and increased mortality in diabetes: unexpected causes of death. Ann Fam Med. 2009;7:414-421.

Katon WJ Rutter C Simon G et al . The association of comorbid depression with mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2668-2672.

de Groot M Doyle T Averyt J . Program ACTIVE: cognitive behavioral therapy to treat depression in adults with type 2 diabetes in rural Appalachia. J Cogn Psychother. 2017;33(1):158-170.

Piette JD Richardson C Himle J et al . A randomized trial of telephonic counseling plus walking for depressed diabetes patients. Med Care. 2011 ;49(7);641-648.

Lustman PJ Griffith LS . Cognitive behavior therapy for depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 7998;129(8): 613-621.

Katon WJ Lin EH Von Korff M et al . Collaborative care for patients with depression and chronic illnesses. N Engl J Med. 2010;363: 2611-2620.

Grigsby AB Anderson RJ Freedland KE et al . Prevalence of anxiety in adults with diabetes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:1053-1060.

Hermanns N Kulzer B Krichbaum M et al . Affective and anxiety disorders in a German sample of diabetic patients: prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors. Diabet Med. 2005;22:293-300.

Rechenberg K Whittemore R Grey M . Anxiety in youth with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Nurs. 2017;32:64-71.

Smith KJ Beland M Clyde M et al . Association of diabetes with anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2013;74:89-99.

Fisher L Skaff MM Mullan JT et al . A longitudinal study of affective and anxiety disorders, depressive affect and diabetes distress in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2008;25:1096-1101.

Atlantis E Vogelzangs N Cashman K et al . Common mental disorders associated with 2-year diabetes incidence: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). J Affect Disord. 2012;142:S30-S35.

Husarewycz MN El-Gabalawy R Logsetty S et al . The association between number and type of traumatic life experiences and physical conditions in a nationally representative sample. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36:26-32.

Snoek FJ Pouwer F Welch GW et al . Diabetes-related emotional distress in Dutch and U.S. diabetic patients: Cross-cultural validity of the problem areas in diabetes scale. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:1305-1309.

Shepard JA Vajda K Nyer M et al . Understanding the construct of fear of hypoglycemia in pediatric type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol. 2014;39:1115-1125.

Bahrmann A Abel A Zeyfang A et al . Psychological insulin resistance in geriatric patients with diabetes mellitus. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;94:417-422.

Ell K Katon W Xie B et al . Collaborative care management of major depression among low-income, predominantly Hispanic subjects with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:706-713.

van Son J Nyklicek I Pop V et al . The effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on emotional distress, quality of life, and HbA(1c) in outpatients with diabetes (DiaMind): a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(4):823-830.

Cox DJ Gonder-Frederick L Polonsky W et al . Blood glucose awareness training (BGAT-2): long-term benefits. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:637-642.

Young V Eiser C Johnson B et al . Eating problems in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review with metaanalysis. DiabetMed. 2013;30:189-198.

Rodin G Olmsted MP Rydall AC et al . Eating disorders in young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Psychosom Res. 2002; 53:943-949.

Young-Hyman D . Eating disorders and disordered eating behavior. In: Psychosocial Care, oung-Hyman D Peyrot M , eds. Washington, DC: American Diabetes Association; 2012:17-32.

Goebel-Fabbri AE . Disturbed eating behaviors and eating disorders in type 1 diabetes: Clinical significance and treatment recommendations. Curr Diab Rep. 2009;9:133-139.

Garber AJ . Novel GLP-1 receptor agonists for diabetes. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2012;21:45-47.

Fisher L Hessler DM Polonsky WH et al . When is diabetes distress clinically meaningful? Establishing cut points for the Diabetes Distress Scale. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:259-264.

Aikens JE . Prospective associations between emotional distress and poor outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(12): 2472-2478.

Hagger V Hendrieckx C Sturt J. et al . Diabetes distress among adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. Curr Diab Rep. 2016;16:9.

Hessler D Fisher L Polonsky W Johnson N . Understanding the areas and correlates of diabetes-related distress in parents of teens with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol. 2016;41(7):750-758.

Biessels GJ Deary IJ Ryan CM . Cognition and diabetes: a lifespan perspective. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(2):184-190.

Gudala K Bansal D Schifano F Bhansali A . Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. J Diabetes Investig. 2013;4:640-650.

Luchsinger JA Reitz C Patel B et al . Relation of diabetes to mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2007;64:570-575.

Luchsinger JA Tang MX Stern Y et al . Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia with stroke in a multiethnic cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;154:635-641.

Ryan CM . Why is cognitive dysfunction associated with the development of diabetes early in life? The diathesis hypothesis. Pediatr Diabetes 2006;7:289-297.

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Long-term effect of diabetes and its treatment on cognitive function. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1842-1852.

Luchsinger JA . Diabetes, related conditions, and dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2010;299(1-2):35-38.

Ferguson SC Blane A Wardlaw J et al . Influence of an early-onset age of type 1 diabetes on cerebral structure and cognitive function. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1431-1437.

Dahlquist G Kallen B . School performance in children with type 1 diabetes—a population-based register study. Diabetologia. 2007;50:957-964.

Palta P Schneider AL Biessels GJ et al . Magnitude of cognitive dysfunction in adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of six cognitive domains and the most frequently reported neuropsychological tests within domains. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2014;20(3): 278-291.

Christman AL Vannorsdall TD Pearlson GD Hill-Briggs F Schretlen DJ . Cranial volume, mild cognitive deficits, and functional limitations associated with diabetes in a community sample. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 201025(1):49-59.

Institute of Medicine. Health care response to cognitive aging. In: Blazer DG Yaffe K Liverman CT , eds. Cognitive Aging: Progress in Understanding and Opportunities for Action. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2015:209-226. https://www.nap.edu/read/21693/chapter/9. Accessed March 1, 2018.

American Diabetes Association. Older adults: standards of medical care in diabetes 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(S1):S119-S125.

Cordell CB Borson S Boustani M et al . Alzheimer’s Association recommendations for operationalizing the detection of cognitive impairment during the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit in a primary care setting. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9(2):141-150.

Hill-Briggs F Smith AS . Evaluation of diabetes and cardiovascular disease print patient education materials for use with low-health literate populations. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(4):667-671.

Hill-Briggs F Lazo M Renosky R Ewing C . Usability of a diabetes and cardiovascular disease education module in an African American, diabetic sample with physical, visual, and cognitive impairment. Rehabilitation Psychology. 2008;53(1):1-8.

Olfson M Gerhard T Huang C et al . Premature mortality among adults with schizophrenia in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015:72(12):1172-1181.

De Hert M Correll CU Bobes J et al . Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care. World Psychiatry 2011;10:52-77.

Moore S Shiers D Daly B Mitchell AJ et al . Promoting physical health for people with schizophrenia by reducing disparities in medical and dental care. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015;132:109-121.

Osby U Brandt L Correia N et al . Excess mortality in bipolar and unipolar disorder in Sweden. Arch Gen Psychiatr. 2001;58: 844-850.

Cuijpers P Vogelzangs N Twisk J . Comprehensive meta-analysis of excess mortality in depression in the general community versus patients with specific illnesses. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171:453-462.

Whitley R Campbell DR. Stigma, agency and recovery amongst people with severe mental illness. 2014 Social Science & Medicine, 107

Silton NR Flannelly KJ Milstein G Vaaler ML . Stigma in America: has anything changed? Impact of perceptions of mental illness and dangerousness on the desire for social distance: 1996 and 2006. J Nerv Ment Dis 2011;199:361-366.

Knaak S Mantler E Szeto A . Mental illness-related stigma in healthcare: Barriers to access and care and evidence-based solutions. Health mgt forum, 30(2), 111-116

Yanos PT Roe D Markus K Lysaker PH . Pathways between internalized stigma and outcomes related to recovery in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatr Serv 2008;59:1437-1442

Corrigan PW Mittal D Reaves CM et al . Mental health stigma and primary care decisions. Psychiatry Res 2014;218:35-38

Goldberg RW Kreyenbuhl JA Medoff DR et al . Quality of diabetes care among adults with serious mental illness. Psychriatr Serv 2007;58:536-543

Scott D Palatania-Phung C Happell B . Quality of care for cardiovascular disease and diabetes amongst individuals with serious mental illness and those using antipsychotic medications. J Healthc Qual 2012;34:15-21

Dixon LB Kreyenbuhl JA Dickerson FB et al . A comparison of type 2 diabetes outcomes among persons with and without severe mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2004;55:892-900

Brown CH Medoff D Dickerson FB et al . Long-term glucose control among type 2 diabetes patients with and without severe mental illness. J Nerv Ment Dis 2011;199:899-902

Hamm JA Buck KD Gonzalvo JD . Clinical application of patient centered approach to diabetes care for people with serious mental illness. Clinical Diabetes 2017;35(5):313-320.

Lawrence D Kiesely S Pais J et al . The epidemiology of excess mortality in people with mental illness. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55(12):752-760.

Antipsychotics. Lexi-drugs. Lexicomp. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Riverwoods, IL. Available at: http://online.lexi.com. Accessed August 29, 2018.

Riordan HJ Antonini P Murphy MF . Atypical antipsy-chotics and metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: risk factors, monitoring, and healthcare implications. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2011;4(5):292-302.

Wharton S Raiber L Serodio K Lee J Christensen RA . Medications that cause weight gain and alternatives in Canada: a narrative review. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 2018;Volume 11:427-438. doi:10.2147/dmso.s171365.

Ebbert JO Wyatt KD Hays JT et al . Varenicline for smoking cessation: efficacy, safety, and treatment recommendations. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2010; 4: 355-362

Anthenelli Robert M Benowitz Neal L West Robert St Aubin Lisa McRae Thomas Lawrence David Ascher John Russ Cristina Krishen Alok Evins A Eden . Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet 2016; 387: 2507-20.

Adedinsewo D Take N Agasthi P et al . Prevalence and Factors Associated With Statin Use Among a Nationally Representative Sample of US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2012. Clin Cardiol. 2016 Sep;39(9):491-6. doi: 10.1002/clc.22577. Epub 2016 Aug 9.

Trompet S vanVliet P deCraen A Jolles J Buckley B Murphy M. Pravastatin and cognitive function in the elderly. Results of the PROSPER study. J Neurol 2010;257:85-90.

Orsi A Sherman O Woldeselassie Z. Simvastatin associated memory loss. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21:767-9.

Evans M Golomb B. Statin-associated adverse cognitive effects: survey results from 171 patients. Pharmacotherapy 2009;29(7): 800-811.

Wagstaff LR Mitton MW Arvik BM Doraiswamy PM. Statin-associated memory loss: analysis of 60 case reports and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 2003;23:871-80.

Evans MA Golomb BA. Statin-associated adverse cognitive effects: survey results from 171 patients. Pharmacotherapy 2009; 29:800-11.

Van Vliet P van de Water W de Craen A et al . The influence of age on the association between cholesterol and cognitive function. Exp Gerontol 44:112-22.

Muldoon M Ryan C Sereika S Flory J Manuck S. Randomized trial of the effects of simvastatin on cognitive functioning in hypercholesterolemic adults. Am J Med 2004;117:823-29.

Cramer C Haan M Galea S Langa K Kalbfleisch J. Use of statins and incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment without dementia in a cohort study. Neurology 2008;71:344-50.

Parker BA Polk DM Rabdiya V et al . Changes in memory function and neuronal activation associated with atorvastatin therapy. Pharmacotherapy 2010;30:236e-40e.

Zamrini E McGwin G Roseman JM. Association between statin use and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroepidemiology 2004;23:94-8.

Muldoon M Barger S Ryan C Flory J Lehoczky J Matthews K et al . Effects of lovastatin on cognitive function and psychological well-being. Am J Med 2000;108:538-47.

Zandi PP Sparks DL Khachaturian AS et al . Do statins reduce risk of incident dementia and Alzheimer disease? The Cache County Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:217-24.

Benito-Leon J Louis ED Vega S Bermejo-Pareja F. Statins and cognitive functioning in the elderly: a population-based study. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;21:95-102.

Zhou B Teramukai S Fukushima M. Prevention and treatment of dementia or Alzheimer’s disease by statins: a meta-analysis. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2007;23:194-201.

Beydoun MA Beason-Held LL Kitner-Triolo MH et al . Statins and serum cholesterol’s associations with incident dementia and mild cognitive impairment. J Epidemiol Community Health 2011;65:949-57.

Mansi I Frei CR Pugh M Mortensen EM. Psychological Disorders and Statin Use: A Propensity ScoreMatched Analysis. Pharmaco-therapy. 2013 June ; 33(6): 615-626.

Powers MA Richter SA Ackard DM et al . Diabetes distress among persons with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2017;43(10): 105-113.

Schmitt A Reimer A Harmanns N et al . Depression is linked to hyperglycaemia via suboptimal diabetes self-management: A cross-sectional mediation analysis. J Psychosom Res 2017;94:17-23.

Powers MA Bardsley J Cypress M et al . Diabetes self-management education and support in type 2 diabetes: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Diabetes Educ. 2015 Aug;41(4):417-30.

Mental Health Provider Diabetes Education Program. American Diabetes Association. Available at: https://professional.diabetes.org/meeting/other/mental-health-provider-diabetes-education-program. Accessed October 30. 2018.

Wang B An X Shi X et al . Management of endocrine disease: suicide risk in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2017;177(4):R169-181.

Lutz J Morton K Turiano NA et al . Health conditions and passive suicidal ideation in the survey of health, ageing, and retirement in Europe. J Gerontoll B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2016; 71(5):936-46.

Wang Y Tang S Xu S et al . Association between diabetes and risk of suicide death: a meta-analysis of 3 million participants. Compr Psychiatry 2016;71:11-16.

Sarkar S Balhara YP. Diabetes mellitus and suicide. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014:18(4):468-74.

Clement S Schauman O Graham T et al . What is the impact of metal health-related stigma on help-seeking?: a systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychol Med 2015;45(1):11-27.

Corrigan P. How stigma interferes with mental health care. Am Psychol 2004;59(7):614-625.

U.S. Preventative Services Task Force. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Available at: https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Home/GetFileByID/218. Accessed August 29, 2018.

MHS Assessments. Children’s Depression Inventory 2. Available at: https://www.mhs.com/MHS-Assessment?prodname=cdi2. Accessed August 29,2018.

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Geriatric Depression Scale (Long Form). Available at: https://integrationacademy.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/Update%20Geriatric%20Depression%20Scale-30_0.pdf. Accessed August 29,2018.

NIMH. Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) Toolkit. Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/labs-at-nimh/asq-toolkit-materials/index.shtml. Accessed August 29,2018.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Your Health Care Team. American Diabetes Association. Available at: http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/whos-on-your-health-care-team/your-health-care-team.html. Accessed November 1, 2018.

Wasserman RM Anderson BJ Schwartz DD. Screening of neuro-cognitive and executive functioning in children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum. 2016; 29(4):202-210.

Who are school psychologists? National Association of School Psychologists. Available at: https://www.nasponline.org/about-school-psychology/who-are-school-psychologists. Accessed November 1, 2018.