Using Laboratory and Field Experiments to Examine the Impact of Stereotypes

Acemoglu D. , Johnson S. , & Robinson J. A. (2002). Reversal of fortune: Geography and institutions in the making of the modern world income distribution. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(4), 1231–1294.

Alrababa’h A. , Marble W. , Mousa S. , & Siegel A. A. (2021). Can exposure to celebrities reduce prejudice? The effect of Mohamed Salah on Islamophobic behaviors and attitudes. American Political Science Review, 115(4), 1111–1128.

Anjum N. , Chakravarty S. , & Kurosaki T. (2024, July). Colorism, confidence and productivity: Experimental evidence from India [Unpublished Working Paper]. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/5120351.pdf?abstractid=5120351&mirid=1

Banerjee A. V. , & Iyer L. (2005). History, institutions, and economic performance: The legacy of colonial land tenure systems in India. American Economic Review, 95(4), 1190–1213.

Berg J. , Dickhaut J. , & McCabe K. (1995). Trust, reciprocity, and social history. Games and Economic Behavior, 10(1), 122–142.

Bertrand M. , & Duflo E. (2017). Field experiments on discrimination. In Banerjee A. V. , & Duflo E. (Eds.), Handbook of economic field experiments (Vol. 1, pp. 309)–393). Elsevier.

Bertrand M. , & Mullainathan S. (2004). Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. American Economic Review, 94(4), 991–1013.

Bordalo P. , Coffman K. , Gennaioli N. , & Shleifer A. (2016). Stereotypes. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(4), 1753–1794.

Bowles S. (2004). Microeconomics: Behavior, institutions, and evolution. Princeton University Press.

Brown R. P. , & Josephs R. A. (1999). Stereotype relevance and gender differences in math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 246–257.

Cadinu M. , Maass A. , Rosabianca A. , & Kiesner J. (2005). Why do women underperform under stereotype threat? Psychological Science, 16(7), 572–578.

Chakravarty S. , Friedman D. , Gupta G. , Hatekar N. , Mitra S. , & Sunder S. (2011). Survey of experimental economics. Economic & Political Weekly, 46(35), 27 Aug 2011.

Croizet J. C. , & Claire T. (1998). Extending the concept of stereotype threat to social class: The intellectual underperformance of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(6), 588–594.

Diamond J. (1998). Guns, germs, and steel. Vintage.

DiMaggio P. (1987). Classification in art. American Sociological Review, 52(4), 440–455.

Ditlmann R. , & Paluck E. L. (2015). Field experiments. In Wright J. D. (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (2nd ed., Vol. 9, pp. 128–134). Elsevier.

Fershtman C. , & Gneezy U. (2001). Discrimination in a segmented society: An experimental approach. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1), 351–377.

Gerber A. S. , & Green D. P. (2000). The effects of canvassing, telephone calls, and direct mail on voter turnout: A field experiment. American Political Science Review, 94(3), 653–663.

Gerber A. S. , & Green D. P. (2012). Field experiments: Design, analysis, and interpretation. W. W. Norton & Company.

Gerber A. S. , Green D. P. , & Larimer C. W. (2008). Social pressure and voter turnout: Evidence from a large-scale field experiment. American Political Science Review, 102(1), 33–48.

Gigerenzer G. , & Brighton H. (2009). Homo heuristicus: Why biased minds make better inferences. Topics in Cognitive Science, 1(1), 107–143.

Günther C. , Ekinci A. E. , Schwieren C. , & Strobel M. (2010). Women can’t jump? An experiment on competitive attitudes and stereotype threat. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 75(3), 395–401.

Harrison G. W. , & List J. A. (2004). Field experiments. Journal of Economic Literature, 42(4), 1009–1055.

Henrich J. , Boyd R. , Bowles S. , Camerer C. , Fehr E. , & Gintis H. (2004). Foundations of human sociality: Economic experiments and ethnographic evidence from fifteen small-scale societies. Oxford University Press.

Henrich J. , Heine S. J. , & Norenzayan A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83.

Hoff K. , Demeritt A. , & Stiglitz J. (2022). The long shadow of history. Excerpted from unpublished manuscript The other invisible hand: The power of culture to promote or stymie progress.

Hoff K. , & Pandey P. (2006). Discrimination, social identity, and durable inequalities. American Economic Review, 96(2), 206–211.

Hoff K. , & Pandey P. (2014). Making up people: The effect of identity on performance in a modernizing society. Journal of Development Economics, 106, 118–131.

Hoff K. , & Stiglitz J. E. (2010). Equilibrium fictions: A cognitive approach to societal rigidity. American Economic Review, 100(2), 141–146.

Maaas A. , & Cadinu M. (2003). Stereotype threat: When minority members underperform. European Review of Social Psychology, 14, 243–275.

Marx D. M. , & Stapel D. A. (2006). Understanding stereotype lift: On the role of the social self. Social Cognition, 24(6), 776–791.

McDermott R. (2002). Experimental methods in political science. Annual Review of Political Science, 5(1), 31–61.

Morton R. , & Williams K. W. (2008). Experimentation in political science. In Box-Steffensmeier J. M. , Brady H. E. , & Collier D. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political methodology. Oxford Academic.

Muzzatti B. , & Agnoli F. (2007). Gender and mathematics: Attitudes and stereotype threat susceptibility in Italian children. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 747–759.

Niederle M. , & Vesterlund L. (2011). Gender and competition. Annual Review of Economics, 3(1), 601–630.

Nunn N. , & Wantchekon L. (2011). The slave trade and the origins of mistrust in Africa. American Economic Review, 101(7), 3221–3252.

Spencer B. , & Castano E. (2007). Social class is dead. Long live social class! Stereotype threat among low socioeconomic status individuals. Social Justice Research, 20(4), 418–432.

Spencer S. J. , Steele C. M. , & Quinn D. M. (1999). Stereotype threat and women’s math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4–28.

Steele C. M. , & Aronson J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797–811.

Steele C. M. , Spencer S. J. , & Aronson J. (2002). Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 379–440.

Swidler A. (1986). Culture in action: Symbols and strategies. American Sociological Review, 51(2), 273–286.

Thorat S. , & Newman K. (2007). Caste and economic discrimination: Causes, consequences and remedies. Economic & Political Weekly, 42(41), 4121–4124.

Tversky A. , & Kahneman D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131.

Walton G. M. , & Cohen G. L. (2003). Stereotype lift. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 456–467.

Wilkerson I. (2020). Caste: The origins of our discontents. Random House.