Since the 1960s, Manipur has been plagued by Meitei secessionist movements demanding/striving for independence from India. However, in the 1990s, following the upsurge of Naga ethnicity-based autonomy movement within the state and its counter movements by other groups, the secessionist movement was embroiled in internal feuds. In this process, grouping and regrouping of tribal communities had taken place, impinged by the predatory elites for their political and economic interests. Unfortunately, the state’s interventions failed to contain protracted conflicts; they rather compounded the situation, gave rise to hybrid ethnic identities and led to the recurrence of demands for internal autonomy.
AhanthemChitra. (March2014). The road to peace in Manipur. IPCS special report 156. New Delhi: Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies.
2.
BaruahS. (2003). Confronting constructionism: Ending India’s Naga war. Journal of Peace Research, 40(3), 321–338.
3.
BegumA.A. (2012). Rethinking justice for sexual crimes—Realities in North-eastern states of India. In KatjasungkanaN. & EiwringaS.E. (Eds), The future of Asian feminism: Confronting Fundamentalism, Conflicts and Neo-Liberalism (pp. 266–283). Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholar Publishing.
4.
BoseT.K. (2013, January22). Without integration, no lasting settlement. The Hindu. Retrieved July12, 2013, from http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/without-integration-no-lasting-settlement/article4329606.ece
5.
CDPS. (2015). Insurgency overview. Guwahati: Centre for Development and Peace Studies.
6.
ClineL.E. (2006). The insurgency environment in Northeast India. Small Wars and Insurgencies, 17(2), 126–147.
7.
EPW. (2005). Editorial: Naga-Manipuri conflict: Intractable problem. Economic and Political Weekly, 40(34), 3699–3700.
8.
GangteT.S. (2009). Struggle for identity and land among the hill peoples of Manipur. Kuki International Forum. Retrieved April14, 2012, from http://kukiforum.com/2009/08/struggle-for-identity-and-land-among-the-hill-peoples-of-manipur-2/
9.
GeorgeN. (2012). The Naga imbroglio: A grassroots perspective. CLAWS Journal, (Winter), 23–33. Retrieved July17, 2015, from http://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1394614738N%20Georger%20%20CJ%20Winter%202012.pdf
10.
GhoshK. (2008). Separatism in North-east India. New Delhi: Suruchi Prakashan.
11.
HaokipT. (2013). The Kuki-Naga Conflict In The Light Of Recent Publications. South Asia Research, 33(1), 77–87.
12.
HaokipR.C. (2008). The Kuki-Paite conflict in the Churachandpur district of Manipur. In JeyaseelanLazar (Ed.), Conflict mapping and peace processes in North East India (pp. 185–208). Guwahati: North Eastern Social Research Centre.
13.
HarrissJ. (2002). The state, tradition and conflict in the North Eastern states of India. (Working Paper No. 13 (August), Crisis States Programme, Development Research Centre, Houghton Street). London: LSE.
14.
HussainM., & PhanjoubamP. (2007). A status report on displacement in Assam and Manipur. Kolkata, India: Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group.
15.
InoueK. (2005). Integration of the North-East: The state formation process. In MurayamaM., InoueK. & HazarikaS. (Eds), Sub-regional relations in the eastern South Asia–with special focus on India’s North Eastern region (pp. 16–31). Chiba, Japan: The Institute of Development Economics.
16.
KipgenN. (2013, January29). Politics of ethnic conflict in Manipur. South Asia Research, 33(1), 21–38.
17.
KomC.S. (2015). Ethno-nationalism: Competing micro-nationalist dissents in Manipur. Social Change, 45(2), 289–307.
18.
KomC.S. (2011). Ethnic politics in the hills of Manipur. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 3(1), 147–167.
19.
KotwalDinesh. (2000). The Naga insurgency: The past and the future. Strategic Analysis, 24(4), 751–772.
20.
KumarA., KameiA., KhuraijamB.S., & HomenT. (2011). Situating conflict and poverty in Manipur (CPRC-IIPA Working Paper No. 37, Chronic Poverty Research Centre). New Delhi: Indian Institute of Public Administration.
21.
LacinaBethany. (2007). Does counterinsurgency theory apply in Northeast India?India Review, 6(3), 165–183.
22.
LacinaBethany. (2009). The problem of political stability in Northeast India: Local ethnic autocracy and the rule of law. Asian Survey, 49(6), 998–1020.
23.
LisamK. (2014, April13). Wake up call to all voters of Manipur. E-Pao.net. Retrieved from April8, 2016, http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Politics_and_Governance.Wake_Up_Call_To_All_Voters_Of_Manipur_Part_1_By_Khomdon_Lisam
24.
ManoharanA. (2012). Impact of armed conflict on children of Manipur (Occasional Paper (Draft)). Bangalore: Juvenile Justice Centre for Child and the Law. National Law School of India University. Retrieved 6September2012, from http://www.nls.ac.in/ccl/Occasional%20Paper%20for%20univ.pdf
25.
NagS. (2003). North East: A comparative analysis of Naga, Mizo and Meitei insurgencies. Faultlines, 14, Article No. 4. Retrieved 14January2015, from http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/Volume14/Article4.htm
26.
NagelJ. (1994). Constructing ethnicity: Creating and recreating ethnic identity and culture. Social Problems, 41(1), 152–176.
27.
NgaihteT. (2013). Manipur and its demand for internal autonomy. Economic and Political Weekly, 68(16), 20–21.
28.
OinamB. (2014). Dilemmas of receiving community: Negotiating with historicity and projection. In SinghaK. & SinghM.A. (Eds), Identity, politics and economic development in North-east India (pp. 3–16). New Delhi: Concept Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
29.
OinamB. (2003). Patterns of ethnic conflict in the North-East. Economic and Political Weekly, 38(21), 2031–2037.
30.
PiangL.L.K. (2015). Overlapping territorial claims and ethnic conflict in Manipur. South Asia Research, 35(2), 158–176.
31.
PhanjoubamP. (2002). Ethnicity, identity and conflict. Fault-line, 10, Article 5. Retrieved 4May2016, from http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume10/Article5.htm
32.
PrabhakaraM.S. (2011). Sovereignty struggles in North-east India: Where are they going? (Sixth Arambam Somorendra Memorial Lecture), 10June2011. Imphal, Manipur: Arambam Somorendra Memorial Trust.
33.
RammohanE.N. (2002). Manipur: Blueprint for counterinsurgency. Faultlines, 12. Retrieved 12March2016, from http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume12/Article1.htm
34.
RammohanE.N. (2011). Countering insurgencies in India: An insider’s view. New Delhi: Vij Book India.
35.
RAP. (2015). India—Northeast (1979—First combat deaths). Research and Action for Peace. Retrieved 10July2015, from http://ploughshares.ca/pl_armedconflict/india-northeast-1979-first-combat-deaths/
36.
RaviR.N. (2012, November15). Chasing a chimeric peace. The Hindu. Retrieved June3, 2013, from http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/chasing-a-chimeric-peace/article4095592.ece
37.
RaviR.N. (2014, January23). Nagaland: descent into chaos. The Hindu. Retrieved January28, 2014, from http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/nagaland-descent-into-chaos/article5606432.ece
38.
Roy-ChaudhuryD. (2006). Manipur seeks development to defeat insurgency. Dialogue, 7(4). Retrieved May18, 2014, from http://www.asthabharati.org/Dia_Apr%2006/Dipa.htm
39.
RupachandraY. (2012, November17). 90s’ riots loom over Manipur?Seven Sister’s Post, Guwahati. Retrieved 4December2012, from http://sevensisterspost.com/90s-riots-loom-over-manipur/
40.
Sashinungla. (2005). Nagaland: Insurgency and factional intransigence. Fault-lines, 16, 91–116. Retrieved May24, 2016, from http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume16/Article%204.pdf
41.
SharmaG.A., & ArunkumarM.C. (2010). Colonial past, Naga primordial present in Manipur. Journal of History and Social Sciences, 1(1), 1–4.
42.
SharmaS.K. (2015). The Naga peace accord—Manipur connections (IDSA Policy Brief). New Delhi: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.
43.
SharmaS.K. (2016). Naga peace accord and the Kuki and Meitei insurgencies in Manipur (IDSA Policy Brief). New Delhi: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.
44.
ShashikumarV.K. (2007). Finding Manipur’s hidden war. HIMAL South Asian, Special Issue. Retrieved 22February2013, from http://himalmag.com/component/content/article/1147-Finding-Manipur%E2%80%99s-hidden-war.html
45.
ShivanandaH. (2011). Militancy in Manipur: A conflicting dilemma. CLAWS Journal, (Summer), 166–177. Retrieved March25, 2016, from http://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1395651136Shivananda%20H%20CJ%20Summer%202011.pdf
46.
SinghA.K., SharmaS.H., & ThangjamH. (2016, October28). The armed political movement of Manipur Nagas till the signing of framework agreement. Manipur Times. Retrieved 18November2016, from http://manipurtimes.com/the-armed-political-movement-of-manipur-nagas-till-the-signing-of-framework-agreement/
47.
SinghG. (2007). A decade of ceasefire in Nagaland. Strategic Analysis, 31(5), 815–832.
48.
SinghK.G. (2009). Understanding the ethnic faultiness in Manipur: A historical perspective. The Social Scanner, 1(1), 113–128.
49.
SinghL.M. (2011, March21). Naga movement in Manipur: Its genesis and impact on State politics. Manipur Online. Retrieved 18July2012, from http://manipuronline.com/research-papers/naga-movement-in-manipur-its-genesis-and-impact-on-state-politics/2011/03/21
50.
SinghM.A. (2010). Conflicts in Manipur: Backgrounders on conflict. Bangalore: National Institute of Advanced Studies, Conflict Resolution Programme.
51.
SinghaK. (2015). Does conflict affect educational development? Some insights from Manipur. Excellence in Education Journal, 4(1), 49–82.
52.
SinghaK., & SinghM.A. (Eds). (2016). Identity, contestation and development in Northeast India (pp. 1–20). New Delhi: Routledge.
53.
SuanH.KhamKhan (2009). Hills–valley divide as a site of conflict: Emerging dialogic space in Manipur. In BaruahSanjib (Ed.), Beyond counter-insurgency: Breaking the impasse in Northeast India (pp. 263–289). New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
