Abstract

Keywords
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.ABA (American Bar Association) . 2012 . ABA Civil Immigration Detention Standards . Washington, DC : ABA . http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/immigration/abaimmdetstds.authcheckdam.pdf.
2.ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) . 2016 . “Shutting Down the Profiteers: Why and How the Department of Homeland Security Should Stop Using Private Prisons .” White paper . New York : ACLU . https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/white_paper_09-30-16_released_for_web-v1-opt.pdf.
3.
Bova
Gus
. 2017 a. “Bill to License ‘Baby Jails’ as Child Care Facilities Clears First Legislative Hurdle .” Texas Observer , April 26 . https://www.texasobserver.org/family-detention-baby-jails-texas/.
4.
Bova
Gus
. 2017 b. “Locked in Limbo .” Texas Observer , February 28 . https://www.texasobserver.org/locked-limbo-immigrant-detention-trump-ankle-monitors/.
5.
Burnett
John
. 2015 . “As Asylum Seekers Swap Prison Beds for Ankle Bracelets, Same Firm Profits .” NPR , November 13 . http://www.npr.org/2015/11/13/455790454/as-asylum-seekers-swap-prison-beds-for-ankle-bracelets-same-firm-profits.
6.
Carson
Bethany
Diaz
Eleana
. 2015 . Payoff: How Congress Ensures Private Prison Profit with an Immigrant Detention Quota . Austin, TX : Grassroots Leadership . https://grassrootsleadership.org/reports/payoff-how-congress-ensures-private-prison-profit-immigrant-detention-quota.
7.
Carson
E. Ann
Anderson
Elizabeth
. 2016 . “Prisoners in 2015 .” Washington, DC : DOJ (US Department of Justice) . https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p15.pdf.
8.CBP (US Customs and Border Protection) . 2017 a. “Border Patrol Total Monthly Apprehensions by Sector and Area, FY 2000–2017 .” Washington, DC : CBP . https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Dec/BP%20Total%20Monthly%20Apps%20by%20Sector%20and%20Area%2C%20FY2000-FY2017.pdf.
9.CBP (US Customs and Border Protection) . 2017 b. “Southwest Border Migration .” Washington, DC : CBP . https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration.
10.
Ceriani Cernadas
Pablo
. 2017 . Immigration Detention through the Lens of International Human Rights: Lesson from South America . Geneva : Global Detention Project .
11.
Chen
Michelle
. 2017 . “Trump’s Special Back Door for Wealthy Immigrants .” The Nation , June 15 . https://www.thenation.com/article/trumps-special-backdoor-for-wealthy-immigrants/.
12.
Simon
Chesterman
Fisher
Angelina
, eds. 2009 . Private Security, Public Order: The Outsourcing of Public Services and Its Limits . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
13.
Clark
John
. 2010 . “The Impact of Money Bail on Jail Bed Usage .” American Jails (July–August ): 47 –54 .
14.Columbia Law School Human Rights Institute . 2014 . “Equal Access to Justice: Ensuring Meaningful Access to Counsel in Civil Cases, Including Immigration Proceedings .” New York : Columbia Law School . http://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/human-rights-institute/files/equal_access_to_justice_-_cerd_shadow_report.pdf.
15.CoreCivic . 2015 . “2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K .” Washington, DC : US Securities and Exchange Commission . http://www.cca.com/investors/financial-information/annual-reports.
16.CoreCivic 2016 . “2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K .” Washington, DC : US Securities and Exchange Commission . http://www.cca.com/investors/financial-information/annual-reports.
17.CoreCivic . 2017 a. “Adding Value for Taxpayers .” CCA.com . http://www.cca.com/adding-value-for-taxpayers.
18.CoreCivic . 2017 b. “See CCA’s Nationwide System of Correctional Centers .” CCA.com . http://www.cca.com/locations.
19.
Cummings
André
Pond
Douglas
Lamparello
Adam
. 2016 . “Private Prisons and the New Marketplace for Crime .” Wake Forest Journal of Law & Policy 6 (2 ):407 –40 .
20.DHS (US Department of Homeland Security) . 2014 a. “ICE’s Release of Immigration Detainees .” Washington, DC : DHS . https://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/2014/OIG_14-116_Aug14.pdf.
21.DHS (US Department of Homeland Security) . 2014 b. “Enforcement and Removal Operations: Bond Management Handbook ” (August 19, 2014, on file with the author) .
22.DHS (US Department of Homeland Security) . 2016 . “Annual Flow Report: DHS Immigration Enforcement: 2016 .” Washington, DC : DHS . https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/DHS%20Immigration%20Enforcement%202016.pdf.
23.DHS (US Department of Homeland Security) . 2017 . “Budget in Brief: Fiscal Year 2018 .” Washington, DC : DHS . https://www.dhs.gov/publication/fy-2018-budget-brief.
24.
Diaz
Gabriela
Kuhner
Gretchen
. 2008 . “Women Migrants in Detention in Mexico: Conditions and Due Process .” Washington, DC : Migration Policy Institute . http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/women-migrants-detention-mexico-conditions-and-due-process/.
25.DOJ (US Department of Justice) . 2016 a. “Review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons’ Monitoring of Contract Prisons .” Washington, DC : DOJ . https://oig.justice.gov/reports/2016/e1606.pdf.
26.DOJ (US Department of Justice) . 2016 b. “Letter from Deputy Attorney General Yates: Reducing our Use of Private Prisons .” Washington, DC : DOJ . https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/file/886311/download.
27.
Dolovich
Sharon
. 2005 . “State Punishment and Private Prisons .” Duke Law Journal 55 (3 ):437 –546 .
28.
Duffy
Corrine
. 2017 . “New Report Analyzes Increased Parole Denial of Asylum Seekers .” Washington, DC : Human Rights First . https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/press-release/new-report-analyzes-increased-parole-denial-asylum-seekers-under-trump-admin.
29.DWN (Detention Watch Network) and CCR (Center for Constitutional Rights) . 2015 . “Banking on Detention: Local Lockup Quotas & the Immigrant Dragnet .” New York : DWN . https://www.detentionwatchnetwork.org/sites/default/files/reports/DWN%20CCR%20Banking%20on%20Detention%20Report.pdf.
30.
Eagly
Ingrid V.
Shafer
Steven
. 2015 . “A National Study of Access to Counsel in Immigration Court .” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 164 (1 ):1 –91 .
31.
Eisen
Lauren-Brooke
. 2018 . Inside Private Prisons: An American Dilemma in the Age of Mass Incarceration . New York : Columbia University Press .
32.GEO Group . 2014 . “Earnings Call Transcript Third Quarter 2014 .” SeekingAlpha.com. https://seekingalpha.com/article/2651545-the-geo-groups-geo-ceo-george-zoley-on-q3-2014-results-earnings-call-transcript?page=2.
33.GEO Group . 2015 . “Press Release: The GEO Group Reports First Quarter 2015 Results .” Business Wire , April 30 . https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150430005673/en/GEO-Group-Reports-Quarter-2015-Results.
34.GEO Group 2016 . GEO SEC Filing 10-K (4/27/2016) . Washington, DC : US Securities and Exchange Commission . http://investors.geogroup.com/Docs.
35.
36.
37.
Gidda
Mirren
. 2017 . “Private Prison Company GEO Group Gave Generously to Trump and Now Has Lucrative Contract .” Newsweek , May 11 . http://www.newsweek.com/geo-group-private-prisons-immigration-detention-trump-596505.
38.
Gilbert
Samuel
. 2017 . “The Immigrant Crackdown Is a Cash Cow for Private Prisons .” Vice , May 31 . https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mbjq4n/the-immigrant-crackdown-is-a-cash-cow-for-private-prisons.
39.
Gilman
Denise L.
2016 . “To Loose the Bonds: The Deceptive Promise of Freedom from Pretrial Immigration Detention .” Indiana Law Journal 92 (1 ):157 –225 .
40.
Graziani
Cate
Ben-Moshe
Liat
Cole
Haile Eshe
. 2017 . “Beyond Alternatives to Incarceration and Confinement .” Austin, TX : Grassroots Leadership . https://grassrootsleadership.org/sites/default/files/reports/beyond_alternatives_to_incarceration_and_confinement.pdf.
41.
Grissom
Brandi
. 2017 . “With Crime, Incarceration Rates Falling, Texas Closes Record Number of Prisons .” Dallas Morning News , July 5 . https://www.dallasnews.com/news/texas-legislature/2017/07/05/crime-incarceration-rates-falling-texas-closes-record-number-lock-ups.
42.
Gruberg
Sharita
. 2015 . “How For-Profit Companies Are Driving Immigration Detention Policies .” Washington, DC : Center for American Progress . https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/reports/2015/12/18/127769/how-for-profit-companies-are-driving-immigration-detention-policies.
43.
Hamilton
Matt
. 2017 . “Spoiled Food and Moldy Showers: Poor Conditions for Immigrant Detainees in O.C. Jail, Report Says .” Los Angeles Times , March 8 . http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-oc-jail-inspection-20170308-story.html.
44.
Harlan
Chico
. 2016 . “Inside the Administration’s $1 Billion Deal to Detain Central American Asylum Seekers .” Washington Post , August 14 . https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/inside-the-administrations-1-billion-deal-to-detain-central-american-asylum-seekers/2016/08/14/e47f1960-5819-11e6-9aee-8075993d73a2_story.html?utm_term=.85df29912692.
45.
Hayes
Chris
Brian
Montopoli
. 2017 . “Trump Administration Plans Expanded Immigration Detention .” All In with Chris Hayes , MSNBC, March 3 . http://www.msnbc.com/all-in/exclusive-trump-admin-plans-expanded-immigrant-detention.
46.
Hoffman
Meredith
. 2017 a. “Texas Votes to Give Immigration Lockups Child Care Licenses .” U.S. News , May 9 . https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/texas/articles/2017-05-09/texas-votes-to-give-immigration-lockups-child-care-licenses.
47.
Hoffman
Meredith
. 2017 b. “Texas Immigration Lockdowns Holding Some Families Too Long .” Associated Press , May 31 . https://apnews.com/ce7ad3ef33a04a6ca0722d153f2cae1b.
48.
Hoffman
Meredith
. 2017 c. “Trump Era Ushers in New Unofficial Policy on Asylum Seekers .” Rolling Stone , April 4 . http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/features/trump-era-ushers-in-new-unofficial-policy-on-asylum-seekers-w473930.
49.
Hoffman
Meredith
. 2017 d. “Immigrant Center to Be Built in Texas for $110 M .” U.S. News , April 13 . https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/texas/articles/2017-04-13/texas-getting-first-immigrant-lockup-built-under-trump.
50.ICE (US Immigration and Customs Enforcement) . 2009 . “ICE Detention Reform: Principles and Next Steps .” Washington, DC : ICE . https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/press_ice_detention_reform_fact_sheet.pdf.
51.ICE (US Immigration and Customs Enforcement) . 2016 . “Weekly Departures and Detention Report .” Washington, DC : ICE . https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ICE-Weekly-Departures-and-Detention-Report1.pdf.
52.Justice Policy Institute . 2011 . “Gaming the System .” Washington, DC : Justice Policy Institute . http://www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/gaming_the_system.pdf.
53.
Kallick
David Dyssegaard
Mathema
Silva
. 2016 . “Refugee Integration in the United States .” Washington, DC : Center for American Progress . https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/reports/2016/06/16/139551/refugee-integration-in-the-united-states/.
54.
Koh
Elizabeth
. 2013 . “TDCJ to Close Two Privately Run Jails in August .” Texas Tribune , June 11 . https://www.texastribune.org/2013/06/11/tdcj-shutters-private-jails/.
55.
Landay
Jonathan S
. 1996 . “Legal Immigrants Deported if They Have a Criminal Past .” Christian Science Monitor , September 5 . https://www.csmonitor.com/1996/0905/090596.us.us.4.html.
56.
Leanos
Reynaldo
Jr
. 2017 . “A Private Prison Company with a Trouble Past Looks to Reopen an Immigration Detention Facility in Texas .” Public Radio International , June 13 . https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-06-13/private-prison-company-troubled-past-looks-re-open-immigration-detention-facility.
57.
Lopez
Sarah
. 2018 . “From ‘Man Days’ to ‘Beds’: The Building of a Punitive Infrastructure of Detention in Texas .” Unpublished manuscript, on file with the author .
58.
Macfarlane
Alec
. 2017 . “Why Wealthy Chinese Are Lining Up to Pay $500 K for U.S. Visas .” CNN , May 8 . http://money.cnn.com/2017/05/08/investing/china-eb5-visa-trend/index.html.
59.
Majcher
Izabella
Flynn
Michael
. 2014 . “Immigration Detention in Greece .” Geneva : Global Detention Project . https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Greece_report_April2014.pdf.
60.
McLeod
Allegra M.
2017 . “Beyond the Carceral State .” Texas Law Review 95 (3 ):651 –706 .
61.
Mitchell
Michael
. 2015 . “Growing Incarceration Contributed Little to Drop in Crime, Study Finds .” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities , February 26 .https://www.cbpp.org/blog/growing-incarceration-contributed-little-to-drop-in-crime-study-finds.
62.MRS/USCCB (Migration and Refugee Services/US Conference of Catholic Bishops) and CMS (Center for Migration Studies) . 2015 . “Unlocking Human Dignity: A Plan to Transform the US Immigration Detention System .” Journal on Migration and Human Security 3 (2 ):159 –204 .
63.MTC (Management & Training Corporation) . 2017 . “1 Pager General .” Centerville, UT : MTC . http://www.mtctrains.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/1pager_General.pdf.
64.NJJN (National Juvenile Justice Network) . 2013 . “Criminal: How Lockup Quotas and ‘Low-Crime Taxes’ Guarantee Profits for Private Prison Corporations .” Washington, DC : NJJN . http://www.njjn.org/uploads/digital-library/Criminal-Lockup-Quota,-In-the-Public-Interest,-9.13.pdf.
65.
Noferi
Mark
. 2015 . “A Humane Approach Can Work: The Effectiveness of Alternatives to Detention for Asylum Seekers .” New York : CMS . http://cmsny.org/publications/noferi-detention-asylum/.
66.OHCHR (UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights) . 2017 . Report of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention on its Visit to the United States of America . Geneva : OHCHR .
67.
Ordoñez
Franco
. 2017 . “Did Companies’ Donations Buy Trump Change in Private Prison Policy? ” Miami Herald , March 3 . http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article136339598.html.
68.
Preston
Julia
. 2016 . “Immigrants Aren’t Taking Americans’ Jobs, New Study Finds .” New York Times , September 21 . https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/22/us/immigrants-arent-taking-americans-jobs-new-study-finds.html.
69.
Schouten
Fredreka
. 2017 . “Private Prisons Back Trump and Could See Big Payoffs with New Policies .” USA Today , February 23 . https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/02/23/private-prisons-back-trump-and-could-see-big-payoffs-new-policies/98300394/.
70.
Schriro
Dora
. 2009 . “Immigration Detention Overview and Recommendations .” Washington, DC : ICE . https://www.ice.gov/doclib/about/offices/odpp/pdf/ice-detention-rpt.pdf.
71.
Schriro
Dora
. 2017 . “Weeping in the Playtime of Others: The Obama Administration’s Failed Reform of ICE Family Detention Practices .” Journal on Migration and Human Security 5 (2 ):452 –80 .
72.
Sheridan
Mary Beth
. 2011 . “Drug War Sparks Exodus of Affluent Mexicans .” Washington Post , August 26 . https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/drug-war-sparks-exodus-of-affluent-mexicans/2011/08/19/gIQA6OR1gJ_story.html?utm_term=.1d54082661bc.
73.
Chesterman
Simon
Angelina
Fisher
, eds. 2009 . Private Security, Public Order: The Outsourcing of Public Services and Its Limits . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
74.
Solis
Gustavo
. 2017 . “Deported over a $2,000 Bond: Immigration Bail Bonds Have Tripled since 1996 .” USA Today , April 18 . https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/04/18/deported-over-2-000-bond-immigration-bail-bonds-have-tripled-since-1996/305172001/.
75.
Takei
Carl
. 2017 . “From Mass Incarceration to Mass Control, and Back Again: How Bipartisan Criminal Justice Reform May Lead to a For-Profit Nightmare .” University of Pennsylvania Journal of Law & Social Change 20 :125 –83 .
76.
Taylor-Grover
Leslie
Hornet
Eric
Cal
Juarod
Sterling
Vernard
Jr
. 2012 . “Private Detention Centers: Implications for Policy .” In Prison Privatization: The Many Facets of a Controversial Industry , edited by
Price
Byron Eugene
Morris
John Charles
, 183 –98 . Santa Barbara, CA : Praeger .
77.TRAC (Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse) . 2015 . “Detainees Leaving ICE Detention from the South Texas Contract Detention Facility .” Syracuse, NY : TRAC . http://trac.syr.edu/immigration/detention/201509/STCDFTX/exit/.
78.TRAC (Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse) . 2017 . “U.S. Deportation Proceedings in Immigration Courts .” Syracuse, NY : TRAC . http://trac.syr.edu/phptools/immigration/charges/deport_filing_charge.php.
79.
Verkuil
Paul R.
2007 . Outsourcing Sovereignty: Why Privatization of Government Functions Threatens Democracy and What We Can Do about It . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
80.
Volokh
Sasha
. 2014 . “Are Private Prisons Better or Worse Than Public Prisons? ” Washington Post , February 15 . https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/02/25/are-private-prisons-better-or-worse-than-public-prisons/?utm_term=.137558385b69.
81.
Warren
Robert
. 2016 . “US Undocumented Population Drops below 11 Million in 2014, with Continued Declines in the Mexican Undocumented Population .” Journal of Migration and Human Security 4 (1 ):1 –15 .
82.
Wiseman
Samuel R.
2014 . “Pretrial Detention and the Right to Be Monitored .” Yale Law Journal 123 (5 ):1359 –61 .
83.
Zayas
Luis H.
2014 . “Declaration of Luis H. Zayas .” https://lofgren.house.gov/uploadedfiles/declaration_of_luis_zayas.pdf.
