Abstract
We report 2 cases of axillary artery injury secondary to low-energy proximal humeral fractures. In case 1, early diagnosis based on signs of acute ischaemia of the arm enabled early treatment and a favourable outcome. In case 2, there were no signs of ischaemia or neurological deficit, resulting in delayed diagnosis and increased severity of the injury. The patient developed a false aneurysm and sepsis and eventually died. A high index of suspicion is necessary for diagnosing an axillary artery injury. We recommend that all patients with proximal humeral fractures with severe medial displacement of the shaft and a bone spike should routinely undergo Doppler ultrasound scanning to rule out vascular injuries and the presence of a false aneurysm.