The article presents a theoretical–methodological proposal to research movements and its connections based on the associations they establish. The first investigation focuses on the transformations of the South African Landless People’s Movement, the second on interactions between Brazilian rural movements and the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform, the third focuses on the transnational ties of the Brazilian National Confederation of Agricultural Workers. We produce an ontological definition of movements and the state as collectives whose existence is defined by continuous assemblages of heterogeneous and unstable elements. Those collectives are not enclosed analytical units, but contingent and contextual. Methodologically, we suggest the observation of the processes in the long term to grasp the continuous constructions of those collectives, even before they reach public expression. Controversies are analytical categories for understanding which elements allow things to take the course we analyze.
AbersR., SerafimL., & TatagibaL. (2014). Repertórios de interação estado-sociedade em um estado heterogêneo: a experiência na era Lula. Dados [online], 57, 2–325. https://doi.org/10.1590/0011-5258201411
2.
AbersR., SilvaM. K., & TatagibaL. (2018). Movimentos sociais e políticas públicas: repensando atores e oportunidades políticas. Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política. v, 105, 15–46. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-015046/105
3.
AbersR., & von BülowM. (2011). Movimentos sociais na teoria e na prática: como estudar o ativismo através da fronteira entre Estado e sociedade?Sociologias, 13(28), 52–84.
4.
AlvarezS. (2000). A globalização dos feminismos Latino-Americanos. In AlvarezS.., DagninoE., & EscobarA. (Eds.), Cultura e política nos movimentos sociais latino-americanos (pp. 386–426). UFMG.
AlvarezS. E. (2019). Feminismos en movimiento, feminismos en protesta. Revista Punto Género, 11, 73–102.
7.
BoltanskiL., & ThévenotL. (1999). The sociology of critical capacity. European Journal of Social Theory, 2(3), 359–377.
8.
BorrasS. M., & EdelmanM. (2016). Political dynamics of transnational agrarian movements. Fernwood Publishing.
9.
BuchananI. (2015). Assemblage theory and its discontents. Deleuze Studies, 9(3), 382–392.
10.
CarvalhoP. D. (2018). A produção do transnacional: compilações da agricultura familiar e camponesa na Contag e no MPA (PhD dissertation). Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
DagninoE., OlveraA. J., & AldoP. (2006). A disputa pela construção democrática na América Latina. Unicamp e Paz e Terra.
13.
DeLandaM. (2006). A new philosophy of society. Assemblage theory and social complexity. Continuum.
14.
DeleuzeG., & GuattariF. (1987). A thousand plateaus. University of Minnesota Press.
15.
DewsburyJ. D. (2011). The Deleuze-Guattarian assemblage: Plastic habits. Area, 43(2), 148–153.
16.
EscobarA., & OsterweilM. (2009). Movimientos sociales y la política de lo virtual. Estrategias Deleuzianas. Tabula Rasa, 10, 123–161.
17.
GeertzC. (2008). Thick description: Toward an interpretive theory of culture. In OakesT. & PriceP. (Eds.), The cultural geography reader (pp. 41–51). Routledge.
18.
GreenbergS. (2007). The landless people’s movement and the failure of post-apartheid land reform. In BallardR.., HabibA. & ValodiaI. (Org.), Voices of protest: Social movements in post-apartheid South Africa. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
19.
KeckM. E., & SikkinkK. (1998). Activists beyond borders. Cornell University Press.
20.
JacobsR. (2018). An urban proletariat with peasant characteristics: Land occupations and livestock raising in South Africa. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 45(5–6), 884–903.
21.
JamesD. (2007). Gaining ground? Rights and property in South African land reform (1st ed.). Routledge-Cavendish.
22.
JensenC. B. (2020). Is actant-rhizome ontology a more appropriate term for ANT? In BlokA., FaríasI. & RobertsC. (Eds.), The Routledge companion to actor-network theory (pp. 76–86). Routledge.
23.
LatourB. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory (Clarendon lectures in management studies). Oxford University Press.
24.
LatourB., & WoolgarS. (1979). Laboratory life: The construction of scientific facts. SAGE Publications.
25.
LawJ. (2004). After method: Mess in social science research. Routledge.
26.
LawJ. (2009). Actor network theory and material semiotics. In TurnerB. S. (Ed.), The new Blackwell companion to social theory (3rd ed., pp. 141–158). Wiley-Blackwell.
27.
MarcusG. E., & SakaE. (2006). Assemblage. Theory, Culture and Society, 23(2–3), 101–106.
28.
MedeirosL. S. (2014). O sindicalismo rural nas últimas décadas: mudanças e permanências. In OliveiraR. V.., BridiM. A. & FerrrazM. (Eds.), O sindicalismo na era Lula: paradoxos, perspectivas e Olhares (pp. 247–282). Fino Traço Editora.
29.
MngxitamaA. (2006). The taming of land resistance: Lessons from the national land committee. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 41(1–2), 39–69.
30.
MolA. (1999). Ontological politics: A word and some questions. The Sociological Review47(S1), 74–89.
31.
MoyoS., & YerosP. (2005). Introduction. In MoyoS. & YerosP. (Eds.), Reclaiming the land: The resurgence of rural movements in Africa, Asia and Latin America (pp. 1–7). Zed Books.
32.
MoyoS., & YerosP. (2013). The Zimbabwe model: Radicalisation, reform and resistance. In MoyoS. & ChambatiW. (Eds.), Land and agrarian reform in Zimbabwe: Beyond white-settler capitalism (pp. 331–357). Codesria.
33.
MüllerM., & SchurrC. (2016). Assemblage thinking and actor-network theory: Conjunctions, disjunctions, cross-fertilisations. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 41(3), 217–229.
34.
NtsebezaL. (2013). South Africa’s countryside: Prospects for change from below. In HendricksF.., NtsebezaL., & HellikerK. (Eds.), The promise of land: Undoing a century of dispossession in South Africa (pp. 130–156). Jacana.
35.
NtsebezaL., & HallR. (Eds.). (2007). The land question in South Africa: The challenge of transformation and redistribution. HSRC Press.
36.
PennaC. (2015). Conexões e controvérsias no Incra de Marabá. Garamond.
37.
PennaC. (2018). Gênese da relação de parceria entre Incra e movimentos sociais como modelo para implementação de políticas de reforma agrária. Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política, 105, 115–148.
38.
PhillipsJ. (2006). Agencement/assemblage. Theory, Culture and Society, 23(2–3), 108–109.
39.
PicolottoE. L. (2018). Pluralidade sindical no campo? Agricultores familiares e assalariados rurais em um cenário de disputas. Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política, 104, 201–238.
40.
Rodríguez-GiraltI., Marrero-GuillamónI., & MilsteinD. (2018). Reassembling activism, activating assemblages: An introduction. Social Movement Studies, 17(3), 257–268.
41.
RosaM. C. (2012). A terra e seus vários sentidos: por uma sociologia e etnologia dos moradores de fazenda na África do Sul contemporânea. Revista Sociedade e Estado, 27(2), 361–385.
42.
RosaM. C. (2015). A journey with the movimento dos trabalhadores rurais sem terra (MST) across Brazil and on to South Africa. Études Rurales, 196(2), 43–56.
43.
SmithaK. C. (2018). Agrarian movements in neoliberal India: A case study of Andhra Pradesh Vyvasaya Vruthidarula union. Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy, 7(2), 123–144.
44.
SrnicekN. (2007). Assemblage theory, complexity and contentious politics: The political ontology of Gilles Deleuze (Thesis, p. 130). University of Western Ontario.
45.
TarrowS. (1994). Power in movement: Social movements, collective action and politics. Cambridge University Press.
